In our country there is a system of compulsory employees’ insurance functions. First attempts to establish the responsibility of employers were taken over a hundred years ago, since then there have been significant changes. The current system of contributions to pension, social and health insurance funds has existed for about thirty years, but it constantly changes. Since 1990, the insurance functions have been shifted from the state budget to established extra-budgetary funds formed at the expense of deductions of employers. Since this system has not brought the expected results, it is repeatedly reformed. To legalize the payment of salaries and additional contributions the Unified social tax was developed in 2001, which lasted until 2010. Its purpose was to accumulate cash to realize citizens' rights for state pension, social insurance, and medical care. Its establishment did not lead to the increase of pensions and social benefits either. Nowadays, after the abolition of the Unified social tax every employer and sole proprietor in Russia has to pay insurance contributions to the Pension Fund, the Social Insurance Fund and the Health Insurance Fund. Throughout the studied period the contribution rates changed, introduced and abolished preferential tariffs. New turn of events in this sphere, specifically the introduction of Chapter 34 of the tax code, was the cause of attempt to systematize all the changes concerning payments to extra-budgetary funds for the past 26 years
Modern small logging enterprises exporting timber
primarily by lorry transport do not have resources for
implementing research that contributes to reducing
the cost of this type of transport. Besides, there is no
universal and accessible planning methodology and
operative decision-making in the organization of
timber export by lorry transport. Because of this, the
author of the article has proposed a methodology for
improving international timber transportation by
timber trucks. This methodology contains logging
modeling simulation, as well as analysis and contain
of different options of logging. Within the framework
of this methodology, a unique model based on the
discrete event simulation has been developed. This
model simulates a full cycle of timber transportation
from the terminal to several foreign consumers. The
working capacity of the model was verified by
simulating several export scenarios based on data
obtained during field study at one of the logging
enterprises, the annual logging volume of which is
400 thousand cubic meters. The analysis and
comparison of the modeling results have confirmed
the possibility of using this methodology in planning
and organizing international timber transportation for
small logging enterprises
This work is a continuation of the author's series of works on cognitive veterinary medicine. The present period is characterized by the appearance of huge volumes of texts in different languages in the open access, generated by people. Currently, these texts are accumulated in various electronic libraries and bibliographic databases (WoS, Scopus, RSCI, etc.), as well as on the Internet on various sites. All these texts have specific authors, dates and can belong simultaneously to many non-alternative categories and genres, in particular: educational; scientific; artistic; political; news; chats; forums and many others. The solution of the generalized problem of attribution of texts is of great scientific and practical interest, i.e. studying these texts, which would reveal their probable authors, date of creation, the ownership of these texts to the above generalized categories or genres, and might evaluate the similarities - differences of authors and texts according to their content, highlight key words etc. To solve all these problems it seems necessary to form the generalized linguistic images of texts into groups (classes), i.e. to form semantic kernels of classes. A special case of this problem is the creation of the semantic kernel in various scientific specialties of the HAC of the Russian Federation and the automatic classification of scientific texts in the areas of science. Traditionally, this task is solved by dissertation councils, i.e. experts, on the basis of expert assessments, i.e. in an informal way, on the basis of experience, intuition and professional competence. However, the traditional approach has a number of serious drawbacks that impose significant limitations on the quality and volume of analysis. Currently, there are all grounds to consider these restrictions as unacceptable, because they can be overcome. Thus, there is a problem, the solutions of which are the subject of consideration in this article. Therefore, the efforts of researchers and developers to overcome them are relevant. Therefore, the aim of the work is to develop an automated technology (method and tools), as well as methods of their application for the formation of the semantic core of veterinary medicine by automated system-cognitive analysis of passports of scientific specialties of the HAC of the Russian Federation and automatic classification of texts in the areas of science. A detailed numerical example of solving the problem on real data has been given as well
The purpose of the article is to use automated system-cognitive analysis (ASC-analysis) to study the impact of agrotechnological factors on the yield and quality of wheat and the use of the created models to solve the problems of forecasting, decision support and research of the simulated domain through the study of its model. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are set and solved, obtained by decomposition of the goal and are the stages of its achievement: Task 1: to formulate the idea and concept of solving the problem; Task 2: to justify the choice of method and tool for solving the problem; Task 3: to apply the selected method and tool to achieve this goal: cognitive structuring of the subject area; formalization of the subject area; synthesis and verification of the model; improving the quality of the model and the choice of the most reliable model; solution in the most reliable model of diagnostic problems (classification, recognition, identification), decision support and research of the simulated subject area by studying its model. Task 4: describe the effectiveness of the proposed solution. Task 5: to consider the limitations and shortcomings of the proposed solution to the problem and the prospects for its development by overcoming these limitations and shortcomings. A detailed numerical example of solving the problems based on 217 real examples of wheat cultivation in the fields of the Krasnodar region is given. For readers, it is possible to download this numerical example and install it on your computer to study
The article is about legal status of artificial plots of
land in International law. The authors briefly tell about
the history of development of modern international
maritime law. Then the authors analyze United
Nations Convention’s 1982 on The Law of The Sea
norms about legal status of artificial plots of lands
situated in different regions of marine space: in the
territorial sea, the contiguous zone, on the continental
shelf, in the exclusive economic zone, on the high
seas. The convention includes terms of the same
nature, for example, artificial island, installations,
structures, devices and constructions. The term
«constructions» is collective for all objects, that was
made by people in the maritime space. At the same
time, the Convention divides some kinds of artificial
things. In addition, the article is about State
Sovereignty issues of artificial objects, which are
placed in the maritime space. The authors established
some parallels between International law rules and
Russian law rules, which govern the legal status of
artificial plots of land
The quality of feed is one of the main factors determining the development of industries necessary for the country. In this regard, extrusion technologies for processing raw materials of plant origin are of great interest. The prospect of processing plant raw materials using thermoplastic extrusion is due to two main reasons: first, the large volume and variety of products produced using this technology, and, secondly, the economic effect that gives the production of extrusion products by expanding the consumer properties of the feed produced. Extrusion equipment not only expands the range of feed, but also increases the employment of the rural population during the off-season. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to assess the prospects for the introduction of protein feed production by extruders from sunflower seeds in small agricultural enterprises. The study used an analytical review and analysis of published and patent information on technical means – extruders used for the production of protein feed from oilseeds, such as sunflower. The analysis of literature sources on the work of the existing forage preparation equipment showed that serial machines are metal-consuming, energy-consuming, used with low efficiency, due to technical and technological shortcomings. The analytical review of patent sources of extruders for preparation of compound feeds for the purpose of identification of the direction of their development and elimination of shortcomings of the existing is given. Modernization of extruders for the preparation of feed in the patent information goes in different ways, depending on the goal, which will improve their productivity and quality of protein feed. Serial production of technical equipment for the preparation of protein feed allows you to compete with foreign technology. Therefore, the development and improvement of serial domestic equipment for the preparation of protein feed from sunflower seeds for functional purposes are competitive and significantly cheaper and can reduce energy costs for their extrusion, which is an urgent task
The article presents a study of types of expert systems
(ES) and methods of their construction. We have
developed principles of functioning and the
architecture of dynamic ES for social protection that
can modify its behavior depending on the changes in
the subject area and in specified scripts of functioning
The influence of auto-displacement in a resonancetunnel
diode (RTD) on the dynamic range of
amplifiers on these diodes is considered in the
article. The amplification at resonance frequency is
considered and the influence of higher harmonics
is not taken into account, since they do not create a
significant voltage drop at the nonlinear resistance
of the diode. It is assumed that the gain will be
sufficiently large, and then the nature of the
dependence of the gain factors on the degree of
regeneration will be the same for amplifiers "per
pass" and "reflection". This allows us to consider
the problem for both types of amplifiers on the
RTD. The types of amplitude characteristics ,
which are possible for the RTD amplifier, are
considered. The dependences of the parameter
determining the dynamic range of the amplifier on
the position of the operating point for several
values of the product of the resistance on the direct
current of the supply circuit are calculated for the
value of the modulus of the maximum negative
conductivity of the tunnel gap RG max. For each
value of RG max for given parameters, you can
determine the position of the operating point,
which provides the specified amplifier mode.
Dependences of the value of the dynamic range are
constructed with allowance for auto-displacement
and in the absence of auto-displacement for two
values of the degree of regeneration. Taking into
account autosplacement, two possible types of
amplitude characteristics and boundaries of their
existence were revealed. For these two types of
amplitude characteristics, expressions were
obtained that determine the dynamic range of the
amplifier
Car license plates recognition problem is one of the
typical tasks of computer vision. Video surveillance
software usually provides license plates recognition
function. Meanwhile, there are many approaches to
solve this problem, where template-based methods are
the most common. Such methods providing predictable
and short enough execution time, and little percent
of mistakes. However, such methods are far less effective
in case there is a need to recognize car’s license
plate, which may be located in unpredictable place,
typed in undefined font and on non-standard background,
or without strict formatting. For example,
USA car license plates. One of the methods to increase
effectiveness and quality of such license plates recognition
is to use neural networks. It is assumed, that
neural networks usage can significantly increase
recognition quality. Nevertheless, neural networks usage
entails difficulties of it’s training, and often becomes
less efficient as template-based methods usage.
This article discusses probability of usage of convolutional
neural network, which was trained using MNIST
(Mixed National Institute of Standards and Technology)
database. This article is a review of usage of templates
and neural networks for car’s license plate
recognition in terms of quality, performance and complexity
of the usage
We have performed a comparative estimation of three coccidiostats when experimental eimeriosis of chickens, infected with a coccidia field isolate from poultry production sites. Chickens performance treated with robenza, chicocin and monenza was almost the same. The anti-coccidiosis index was also the same in all three groups, not exceeding 160, which indicates the low sensitivity of coccidiosis agent to all studied drugs. An ionophore antibiotic (chicocin), a synthetic anti-coccidia drug (robenz) and a complex (monenza) consisting of an ionophore antibiotic and a synthetic anti-coccidia drug can be used in this poultry complex for the prevention of coccidiosis for a short time. But there is a need for constant monitoring and selection of new combinations, as partial resistance of coccidia to drugs can be transmitted genetically and will only increase over time, making coccidiostats ineffective