Name
Belyuchenko Ivan Stepanovich
Scholastic degree
•
Academic rank
professor
Honorary rank
—
Organization, job position
Kuban State Agrarian University
Web site url
—
—
Articles count: 38
INFLUENCE OF COMPLEX COMPOSTS ON DEVELOPMENT OF LIVING ORGANISMS IN TOP LAYERS OF ORDINARY CHERNOZEM
Complex compost, which is formed in the process of
unification of organic and mineral colloids, the formation
of new cycles of nutrients, increasing the enzymatic
activity of organic matter and respiration of
living organisms, the formation of gaseous compounds,
increase of ecological niches and land reclamation is a
new direction in practical ecology, agriculture and soil
science. This line determines of creation and use of
complex mixtures of different wastes household, industrial
and agricultural production for enrichment soil of
organic and mineral dispersed and colloidal systems
and improving their physical, chemical and biological
and ecological functions. Formation of complex of
compost is provided by the enrichment of substrate of
organic matter, comprehensive set of mineral substances
and their mixed colloidal composition. Microbial
communities are determined by the level of transformation
of organic matter and activity of life support
system and the variety of living species. Entering into
the top layer of soil of complex compost contributes to
the development and expansion of ecological niches.
At the complex compost it is very active increases the
number of actinomycetes, especially representatives of
the genus Streptomyces, the population of which are
accumulated in the top layer of soil in the summer.
Actinomycetes series of Cinereus were encountered
most often in the soil after introduction of complex
compost, Violaceus and Aureus were allocated less
During the last century, in the biosphere occur expressed processes of soil degradation due to anthropogenic influence, which seriously change of top layer of soil. The agricultural landscape is allocated of noticeable accumulation of various wastes at expense of growing of food crops and grazing of farm animals, as well as due to mineral wastes generated in process production of building materials and fertilizers from natural raw. According to physical and chemical characteristics of wastes of plant origin and natural-raw wastes constitute a non-toxic highly dispersed connection with an admixture of different undecomposed organic and mineral substances. Specificity of physical state is determined there of high dispersion, which is represented by system particles of colloidal substances distributed in various environments. Colloids of natural-raw wastes are characterized by a low rate of diffusion; do not penetrate finely porous membrane of cell structures, different very nonequilibrium insolubility and specific chemical composition. For example, phosphogypsum is characterized by high concentration of sulfur and calcium, and trace amounts of entire table of D.I. Mendeleev. Organic wastes are made by variety of chemical compounds and high concentration of carbohydrates, proteins, fats and other organic substances
The soil by it physical and chemical properties is a
poly-dispersed heterogeneous multicomponent unique
environment for development of most microorganisms.
The soil is the richest natural substrate according
to microbial gene fund. Presence of plants and
animals in soil maintains it heterogeneous as environment
of soil microorganisms, which are main regulators
of natural gas composition of atmosphere of
Earth, including its macro- and micro-components
(including the main "greenhouse" gases - methane,
carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide). Recently, the elucidation
of these singularities of vital activity of soil organisms
has resulted in general conclusion - due to
them soil cover serves as a global bio-geo-chemical
membrane, through which the exchange of matter and
energy between pedosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere,
hydrosphere and main living inhabitants of Earth does
its work
Self-regulation of agricultural systems is based upon taking into account the interaction of their components released in variety of species and trophic relations; agricultural systems is diversified in towards a sustainable, productive and strategic development of the systems; one of the most promising areas of diversification of agricultural systems is considered to be an introduction to the practice of combining crops, known in agriculture for a long time, which shows us the nature. The most developed technology for creating combined crops is the practice of creating mixtures and the nature of the relationship between their different components
The optimum combination of quantitative and qualitative
relationships between structures of organic and mineral wastes of various industries provides the formation of compound composts, which improves its physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil, helps conserve macro- and micronutrients, organic
matter, enhance ecological niches system, to ensure the
development of ecological trophic groups of microorganisms
Soil degradation (erodere – eat away, lat.) - a process in which result pieces of rocks and soil are separated from of their initial location. Is then transferred and deposited in some new place. The factors of erosion are water, wind, landslides, rock particles and etc. Erosion is the process of destruction and demolition of the soil cover (or parent rocks) flows of water or wind what causes depletion of fertile top soil layer. The destruction of this layer occurs quickly, and for its restoration required the millennium. Reduction of soil fertility is one of the main problems that are associated with its pollution. Erosion is a natural process that occurs very slowly ever since as the Earth was formed (about 45-50 billion years ago). Realistically, mountains, valleys, plains and deltas on Earth's surface have been created by water and wind erosion as a result of their joint action over a long period of time. Geological erosion was acted at a slow pace for hundreds of years. With the emergence of the human occurred of invasion species which could transform their natural environment. Artificial type of erosion, which acts much faster than the natural erosion, was formed with the appearance human
Soil degradation (erodere – eat away, lat.) - a process
when pieces of rocks and soil are separated from their
initial location. Then transferred and deposited in
some new place. The factors of erosion are water,
wind, landslides, rock particles and etc. Erosion is the
process of destruction and demolition of the soil cover
(or parent rocks) by flows of water or wind which
causes depletion of fertile top soil layer. The destruction
of this layer occurs quickly, and for its restoration
thousand years are required. Reduction of soil fertility
is one of the main problems that are associated with
its pollution. Erosion is a natural process that occurs
very slowly ever since the Earth was formed (about
45-50 billion years ago). Realistically, mountains,
valleys, plains and deltas on the Earth's surface have
been created by water and wind erosion as a result of
their joint action over a long period of time. Geological
erosion was acted at a slow pace for hundreds of
years. When humans appeared it occurred to be an
invasion of species which could transform their natural
environment. An artificial type of erosion, which
acts much faster than the natural erosion, was formed
because of human
Studies of ecosystems allow estimation of difficult processes (physical, chemical and biological), taking place in them and determine how to manage them. At the heart of the natural systems there are freely interacting populations of different taxons, productivity of their above-ground structures, details of which are quite limited, and as underground systems, the data have even less information. In the late 60s and early 70s in the XX century a lot of information appeared associated with problems of environment, its pollution, lack of energy of food resources, clean water; it determined the root cause of the reaction of the population of developed countries on the aggravation of relations between society of people and habitat. Existed for a long time the concept of the exploitation of nature, which reflected on using soils, forests, water and other sources and which showed the power of mankind and its technical power over nature. In reality, this concept was just a common strategy of aphids sucking their environment. Understanding the real situation on the different levels of consciousness of the population defined situation of practical and scientific research in the field of ecology of different directions - chemical, biological, mathematical and other sciences. Development of ecology today will evolve to meet conservation and sustainable development of the biosphere, which experiencing constant anthropogenic pressure. An important problem of agrolandscape systems is an objective assessment of their productivity. Among the issues that determine the development of agricultural systems there are the natural conditions and soil fertility, crop dynamics over the years, the duration of the growing season of individual taxons, as well as the possibility of create of mixed crops, different type of life form, ecological features, physiological diversity of biochemical characteristics. Sowings this type allow, under certain conditions, obtaining stable yields under any climate dynamics and significant reduction of soil erosion. Combined sowing that is practiced in South East Asia, particularly in China, where the main components are the soybean and corn. The usefulness of mixed crops is the stability of yields over the years and the ability to emphasize their resistance to dry weather conditions
Process of shoot formation of cereals is associated with the formation of zone shortened internodes, establishes buds certain capacity and completes transition by growth and formation of crop aboveground mass of each individual. Process of shoot formation is divided into three phases - preparatory, hidden and visible tillering, each of which is different peculiar morphological and cytobiochemical development
Studying the situation and the impact on mountain landscapes of Caucasus allows by means of measurements to establish the most important sources of pollution, to identify the main forms of pressure (emissions, solid wastes, etc.) on the natural landscapes and agricultural systems, to develop a monitoring program with allocation the main objectives and most important tasks of its implementation. The main purpose of monitoring – is to collection of basic information, which will be aimed at addressing specific environmental problems for improvement soil cover on northern slopes of Caucasus and protect it from water erosion. The monitoring program allows getting information, which is due specific problem and conditions of certain area. The main tasks of monitoring the soil cover of northern slopes include concrete achievements in solving problems. At the beginning of monitoring follows determine the range of issues under study. More than often limited resources strictly dictate the need to reduce of measurement program, but always save quality of received material. For solving this problem we have to define the polygons of monitoring and select the objects that are affected by anthropogenic and natural factors. Considering defined technique, it is possible to evaluate the direction of development of particular ecosystem under the influence of a specific mode of action