Scientific Journal of KubSAU

Large areas under commercial rice in many countries of the world including Russia are infested with weed-field red grain forms of rice. In the nineties of the XX century new red grain forms of rice appeared in the rice commercial fields of the Krasnodar region; these plants differed little from the morphotype of the variety in morphological characteristics. Such plants were difficult to distinguish and remove during varietal weeding. The increased content of red rice grains among the elite seeds leads to the rejection of such crops, thus reducing the economic efficiency of the seed production. Researchers do not have a single opinion on the origin of the new forms of the red grain rice. Various assumptions are made on mutations, unlocking of epigene of the pericarp coloration of the caryopsis to return to the ancestral red grain forms, and cross-pollination between cultivated and red grain rice. In 2014-2018 a methodological experiment on artificial hybridization between the white grain variety and rice varieties with colored pericarp of the grains (Mars and Yuzhnaya Noch) was carried out to discover the origin of these new forms of the red grain rice. The article presents an analysis of hybrids of direct and reverse crosses between the white grain variety Snezhinka, having an amylose long grain, and the black grain variety Yuzhnaya Noch with a glutinous short grain. As a result of artificial hybridization, a new initial material was received with a different type of grain in shape, color and consistency of the endosperm. This material is of significant interest for further breeding and genetic research. When evaluating hybrid plants obtained by direct crossing Snezhinka / Yuzhnaya Noch and reverse crossing Yuzhnaya Noch / Snezhinka, a significant influence of the maternal cytoplasm on the formation of quality signs of endosperm has been revealed. This must be considered when planning such studies. An analysis of the economically valuable traits of the received hybrid material brings a conclusion that the new red grain forms in the commercial rice varieties may appear as a result of spontaneous hybridization between red grain and white grain rice

Russian rice variety called Leader is widely cultivated in the Kyzylorda region of Kazakhstan. Elite seeds of the variety are produced in the Krasnodar region. Leader possesses field resistance to blast disease. One of the mechanisms for the formation of rice plant resistance to the causative agent of the fungus Pyricularia oryzae Cav is an increased accumulation of silicon (SiO2). Biochemistry studies have shown that pathogen-resistant varieties accumulate up to 19% silicon in flowering scales, and susceptible - less than 14%. The article presents the study materials of rice plants of the rice variety Leader with sowing rates of 700 and 350 seeds per m2 in the field trials. As a result, a correlation has been established between the plant density of the rice variety Leader, the silica content in the flowering scales of the kernels and the damage to the plants by blast disease. Shoots of rice were obtained when wet, so field germination reached 69-70%. In the first variant, the number of sprouting exceeded 490 pcs/m2 with single-stem plants having poorly developed panicles and partially infected by P. oryzae. The yield of rice was 5.75 t/ha. In the second variant, the density of seedlings was 244 pcs/m2. The plants were well developed, they formed 2 and more shoots at tillering and had large panicles without signs of disease. The yield was 8.10 t/ha. Biochemical analysis showed that in the first variant, the flower scales of single-stem plants contained 13.8% SiO2, and in the second 19.5%. The conclusion was made that for such varieties as Leader, the high density of plant stand is unacceptable. Under conditions of increased competition, rice plants form a weak root system, accumulate little silicon, and therefore can be affected by blast disease. When studying the reaction of the plants of rice variety Leader to different levels of mineral nutrition, it has been defined that the optimal development of plants occurs at the plant density of 240-250 pcs/m2 and the level of mineral nutrition N120P100K50

In breeding programs, evaluation of initial material is made on all the stages of developing the variety. Great difficulties for the breeding process are made by absence of modern mechanisms for storing, retrieving, manipulating the relevant data, and using the information previously obtained for use in solving the set breeding task. In order to organize the management of breeding process for development of high-quality rice varieties, based on the urgency of problem of intellectual analysis of data, the Database "Rice Quality" was designed as a set of structured data - the rice quality characteristics identified in the stages of the process of developing variety belonging to the "Rice". In the domain model, the infologic model, a set of parameters for evaluating rice quality in terms of out-of-program components is defined. The program is written in the Microsoft Access database environment using built-in query building tools, forms, reports. The structure of the developed tables includes static and refreshed directories in which the necessary information is stored, the tables are combined into one-to-many relationships, while ensuring data integrity, cascading updates and deletion of fields

CJSC Priazovskoye located in the Slavyansk district is in the area of the Priazovie marshes. Soil and climatic conditions make it possible to grow many heat-loving crops including rice. The farm specializes in the cultivation of rice and the production of meat and cattle dairy products. The rice system is divided into 8-crop rotations, where, in addition to rice, animal feed is grown. Livestock waste is used as organic fertilizer in the fields of crop rotation. In the field experiment with perennial grasses (alfalfa) as predecessor, the change in yield and seed quality of three rice varieties Rapan, Diamant and Flagman was studied. The rates of the applied fertilizers were: phosphorus 100 kg/ha, potassium 60 kg/ha and increasing rates of nitrogen from 30 to 120 kg/ha. It has been established that the optimal rates of nitrogen fertilizers after alfalfa are 90 kg/ha (a.i.) for Rapan and Diamant varieties and 60 kg/ha (a.i.) for Flagman. At the same time, the maximum grain yield was obtained for Rapan - 7.45 t/ha, Diamant - 8.27 t/ha, Flagman - 7.62 t/ha , and the best seeds were formed in terms of germination and emergence. Analysis of the crop structure of rice varieties showed that with increasing rates of nitrogen the productive tillering and grain mass per panicle increased. With the nitrogen rate higher than the optimum, the number of unfilled grains per panicle and the grain /straw ratio have increased. Based on this analysis, it can be considered that the number of unfilled grains per panicle and the grain /straw ratio can serve as indicators of the response of rice plants of these varieties to an excess of the optimal level of mineral nutritions

The history of department of genetic, breed¬ing and seed growing is linked to develop¬ment of Kuban Agricultural Institute. The role of G.G. Guschin – the fourth chief of de¬partment and a famous scientist of breeding of rice is shown

Among fungus diseases of rice, blast is the most harm-ful. The disease is caused by Pyricularia oryzae Cav. Rice is sensitive to blast at all fazes of vegetation. In Russia, the purposeful breeding of rice varieties re-sistant to this disease began in 1982. Over the past period, the rice varieties which are genetically protect-ed from blast and not requiring crop protection have been created

In this article, we discuss the results of the research of quality characteristics of Russian and foreign rice varieties. Possibility of using data in characterizing germplasm from collection is discussed

There was studied the influence of factors of the medium on rice plants and hybrids of the first generation in the vegetation experience on the conditions of the artificial climate camera (ACC) and on the vegetation plot (control). There was determined the individual reaction of varieties on the conditions in ACC. There were revealed the modified changes at rice plants by a range of features. There was made a conclusion on necessity of preliminary study of varieties in ACC before their introduction into hybridization

In this article the results of the research of quality characteristics of Russian and foreign rice varietieswere observed. A possibility of using the data in characterizing germplasm from the collection was discussed

The history of department of genetic, breed¬ing and seed-growing is linked to develop¬ment of Kuban Agricultural Institute. The role of V.E. Borkovsky – the third chief of de¬partment a famous scientist on breeding of the castor-oil plant is showed