Scientific Journal of KubSAU

The article discusses the question of the concepts of heat and internal energy of a body. The analysis of these concepts in the historical aspect and the views of the author, based on the new photon theory of atomic structure were presented in this study. The analysis of the historical aspect of this question tells that the concepts of heat and internal energy of the body for a long time were associated with the concept of caloric, which can flow in the substance. The next step was the identification of the concept of heat with energy linked with the movement and work. In accordance with this, Clausius proved the equivalence of heat and work as the first principle of the theory of heat and introduced the concept of internal energy, which can be increased in two ways - making work on body, and summing heat to it. Thus, energy was the main uniting factor of work and heat. Then, the kinetic theory of heat, as the energy of motion of molecules, was developed by Maxwell and caloric model turned out to be a hindrance in the development of the theory of heat. In fact, the internal energy of the body is determined photons, rotating around charged particles in atoms in their orbitals. The series of photons are combined into a single photon orbital direction of rotation of the photons, which are different from each other. Thus, the body has an internal energy or internal heat. It is due to the energy of photons, orbiting electrons in the outer shell of each atom, as well as around the charged particles - electrons and protons in the nucleus of an atom. This internal energy may be increased by mechanical action on the body, leading to an increase in resulting oscillation frequency of photons around charged particles of atoms and the internal heat contained in the body can flow of the body with a higher concentration of heat to the body with a lower concentration of heat

This question is about the speed of wave propagation in electromagnetic environment. Electromagnetic environment (field) is the space that fills the whole Universe, occupied by the electromagnetic particles-photons. At the heart of the special relativity theory, the constancy of the speed of light in vacuum is affirmed. According to modern concepts, the speed of light in vacuum is the maximum speed of the particle motion and propagation of interactions. However, light is the narrow range of electromagnetic radiation – (4÷8)·1014 Hz, therefore experimentally measured speed of light is referred to this frequency range. The fact that this speed of electromagnetic waves can theoretically be non permanent – physicists have pondered for a long time and this question is periodically excited in the scientific literature. The author of this article also had an impression that the speed of light, in which he understands distribution speed of waves of a wide range of frequencies in the electromagnetic environment, is not a constant. The article attempts to prove it. Many photons of different frequencies move simultaneously in different directions in a photonic electromagnetic field in environment. They are involved in the formation of a wave of compression – decompression in this field under the influence of the antenna radiated photons. It is approved that the speed of photons of different frequencies can change within a wide range from 1,285·103 m/s (ν = 1024 Hz) to 1,285·1012 m/s (ν = 106 Hz) and, therefore, the speed of wave propagation in the electromagnetic environments that are filled by photons of the same frequency or a narrow frequency range can change widely from 8,58·102 m/s to 8,58·1011 m/s and be significantly different from the experimentally discovered speed of light. Interplanetary space in different parts of the Universe can be represented by different spectra of photons and therefore they will have different speed of propagation of electromagnetic waves

The article discusses the question of the essence of radiation of electromagnetic waves of different sources and questioned the reliability of its description by J.Maxwell in the form of alternating electric and magnetic fields. It justifies the formation of an electromagnetic wave in the form of a wave of compression-decompression in surrounding electromagnetic photon field with a flux of photons of different frequencies emitted by different sources or antenna

Within the Terek-Sunzha gas area we have identified patterns, most of which are divided into blocks in some cases with large amplitude shear. The processes of destruction of structures took place during the period of their formation and the subsequent time and due to the strong and catastrophic earthquakes. The article provides a statistical analysis of strong earthquakes in this region during the period 1688-2008 and the regularities of their existence. It is shown that the maximum number of earthquakes took place during the period of the depths of 5-12 km and the distribution of the number of strong earthquakes at levels subject to certain matematical patterns. With regard to the analysis of the distribution of earthquakes in a single year in the whole of the globe, we obtained the correlation of the displacement of rocks from levels of existence of earthquakes and possible displacement of rocks to very catastrophic earthquakes. We have also given the forecast frequency and the number of strong catastrophic earthquakes for the period from the beginning of the formation of structures up to the present time. We assessed maximum displacements of rock blocks during this time, which is in good agreement with the actual values of the displacement of rock blocks

In some works, the feasibility of the use of fixed and variable electromagnetic fields of different frequencies and tension in the production technology of sunflower oil are shown, but there is no theoretical justification. The possibility of electromagnetic effects is associated with the presence of polar molecules specific to organic systems. Without prejudice to the role of polar groups of terrestrial circuits, this work tries to address this challenge more comprehensively. The reason for this is the distinctive feature of the behavior of sunflower during its flowering. This characteristic is that the sunflower hat during the day changes its direction in accordance with the direction of movement of the Sun across the sky; so called "magnetism" of their attraction. To justify this effect, we have analyzed the essence of emitted photons, the Sun chemical composition and structure arrangement of seeds in a sunflower hat. Particles of light from the Sun represent a stream of photons - a wide range of electromagnetic waves of frequencies that exhibit and magnetic properties. The article shows principal macro- and micronutrients of sunflower raw materials and divides them into groups of para- , dia- , and ferromagnetic materials. In sunflower seeds, there are chemical elements: diamagnetism-C, H, N, P, S, B, Cu, Zn, J; paramagnetism-O, K, Ca, Mg, Mo, As and ferromagnetic-iron (Fe). As there is resultant force of the magnetic attraction between the sunflower hat and magnetic flow of photons from the Sun, this effect dominates the action of paramagnetics K2O ( -28.4 24.5%), CaO (7.6-17.0)%, MgO (12.3-17.9%), magnetized in an external magnetic field in the direction of the field. The presence of evident effect demonstrates that it is possible to improve a number of technological operations in the manufacture of sunflower oil using electrical, magnetic or electromagnetic fields

There is a discussion about the question of the mechanism of the action of the magnetic field of the Earth and the Sun on the human body. It is noted that in the 21st century an international conference on the subject "Man and electromagnetic fields" is regularly held, as well as the international congress "Weak and superweak fields and radiation in biology and medicine". This indicates the importance of studying the effect of electromagnetic fields on the human body. Participants in these conferences and congresses give a lot of experimental data on the influence of various factors on various biological objects. However, there is no theoretical justification for the influence of these fields on the human body. In this connection, in order to solve this problem, the article analyzes the atomic composition of the human body. It is shown that the human body more than 60% consists of hydrogen atoms. On the example of a hydrogen atom, the interaction of the magnetic moment of an electron of an atom with an external magnetic field is considered. This leads to a precession motion of the electron's orbit. Taking into account the fact that photons rotate around electrons in atoms and the temperature is determined by the bulk density of photon energy, the appearance of precessional electron motion will lead to an increase in the frequency of oscillation of photons and, consequently, to an increase in their energy and body temperature. This is confirmed by the fact that the body temperature changes during the day, and, it is minimal in the morning and increases by the evening. The chemical elements of the human body, related to different groups of magnets, are analyzed. It is noted that the external magnetic field has the greatest influence on the state of the human body through a ferromagnet - iron. It is concentrated in the blood, up to 60% in hemoglobin. It is a complex iron-containing blood protein, an integral part of erythrocyte - red blood cells, oxygen carriers. Under conditions of an increase in the intensity of the external magnetic field or the immobile state of the body, the orientation of the individual erythrocytes will increase due to their iron atoms in the direction of the external field. This will lead to the pooling of erythrocytes into clusters, that is, to the formation of unique magnetic domains with a significant increase in the viscosity of the blood and a decrease in its circulatory ability. The last is confirmed by the fact that in people suffering from cardiovascular diseases, heart attacks and strokes most often occur in the early morning especially during periods of solar magnetic storms

The article examines the historical aspect of the appearance of the concept of the photon, which was introduced through the works of Planck, Einstein, Compton, Lewis. It is noted that the photon has both corpuscular characteristics (momentum, mass, energy) and wave (frequency, wavelength), which are interconnected. Thus, the photon has dual properties – of a particle and a wave. The article deals with the analysis described in the literature of the photon model proposed by S.M. Polyakov and O.S. Polyakova, F.M. Konarevym-Krauzerom, V.G.Kozlovym and S.I. Chervyakov, as well as with their advantages and disadvantages. A version of the model in the form of a photon of two identical but oppositely charged halfmass, which simultaneously perform translational, rotational and vibrational motion was suggested. We have shown derivation of the amplitude of vibration of the two half-mass photon connected with simple relation with wavelength, described with this photon. On this basis, it is concluded that the state of a photon is characterized by a rotational movement of its oppositely charged half-stuff, which radius (r) is the amplitude of the oscillation process of each of the half-mass, and described by oppositely charged half-mass circumference length S in expanded form in a result of the progressive movement is the length wave l. This work displays the wave equation describing the motion of photons in the form of a standing wave which is a complete analog-independent Schrödinger equation for the motion of an electron in a hydrogen atom

We discuss the question of the essence of formation and propagation of waves in the electromagnetic environment. We have questioned the reliability of its description by J. Maxwell in the form of alternating electric and magnetic fields. The article justifies the formation of an electromagnetic wave in the form of a wave compression-decompression surrounding electromagnetic photon field flux of photons of different frequencies emitted by different sources or antenna

We describe a stationary industrial plant for electrochemical activation (ECA) of the water created on the creamery of "Yuzhni Polyus" in Kropotkin. It includes 4 diaphragm reactor - electrolyzer of a dielectric material volume of 200 liters each, control cabinet, power electrical equipment, water supply system, containers for activated water, pumping equipment for its transport and ventilation system. The anode and cathode chambers are separated by ion permeable diaphragm reactors of cotton filter cloth. The reactors operate pairwise in succession, one pair in the production mode, the other - in the mode of preparation. The anode is made of titanium sheet; the cathode is made of stainless steel 12HN9T. In the selection of the electrode material we used mass-spectrometric investigation of the chemical element composition of water before and after electrochemical activation. The device produces alkaline catholyte 15.84 m3 / day (pH 10,4 ÷ 11,71) and acid anolyte 3.36 m3 / day (pH 2,24 ÷ 3,1). Using the created device (power consumption –11,4 kW ∙ h / t) meets the basic requirements of production – resource conservation, environmental safety, high performance and ease of use. These circuit diagram and photos of the installation allows reproducing it in other enterprises, contributing to the wider application of electrochemically activated water

It is assumed that in the primordial state of the Universe was missing the elements of matter, it was submitted to electromagnetic photon field in a broad frequency band. Photons with energy ε=1,02 born MeV electrons and positrons, and photons with energy ε=1,87 born ÐœeV protons and antiprotons. The Association of protons, electrons and essential spectrum of photons created a sustainable hydrogen atoms and neutrons. Association of hydrogen atoms led to the creation of hydrogen clusters, and merging neutron – neutron creation of clusters (pulsars). As a result, the concentration of photons in the Universe decreased and the universe were compressed. The gravitational interactions between the hydrogen and neutron clusters was coming off of a mass of matter from both. The torn mass of hydrogen clusters were created on the planet. Separation of the mass from neutron clusters led to the neutron exposure of the main hydrogen clusters and loose parts from him (future planets). The latter, being closer to the main hydrogen accumulation, under the influence of neutron flux were redesigned to all elements of the periodic table. The article describes nuclear reactions convert one chemical element to another. After irradiation of the primary hydrogen clusters of neutrons and the emergence of the heavy and superheavy hydrogen, started fusion reactions with the release of photon energy and the transition of hydrogen clusters in Stellar condition. They began to glow. The selection of the photon energy of the Stars led to the increase in the concentration of photons in the Universe, the increase of the pressure and the expansion of the Universe, which is what happens at the present stage of its development. Combining antiprotons, electrons (positrons) with the required spectrum of photons created sustainable antihydrogen and antineutrons, and their clusters – clumps of antimatter in the Universe