Scientific Journal of KubSAU

The article presents the data on the formation of the embryonic fruitfulness of central ovaries of wintering buds of the group of technical grape varieties with white berries - White Muscat; Pinot White, Chardonnay, Citron Magaracha, Pervenets Magaracha; Riesling, Viorica, Riton, Crystal in the conditions of Anapa-Taman zone. There were revealed the rates of embryonic fruitfulness of central ovaries of buds of studied cultivars and fruiting indices of vegetative shoots developed from them. In all studied grape varieties there was revealed a high percentage of fruitful buds from 84,1 in the variety of Riton at 97.2 at Viorica; and the percentage of fertile vegetative shoots from 81,8 at the variety Citron Magaracha to 97.2 in the variety White Muscat. At the leveled load of bushes, vegetative shoots and the same scheme of planting of bushes (3 x 2 m), the highest yield in terms per hectare showed the varieties Pervenets Magaracha, Viorica, Riton, Crystal, Riesling and Citron Magarach. When assessing the economic efficiency the highest net income and level of profitability were identified in the varieties of Citron Magaracha, Pervenets Magaracha, Viorica and Riton. In order to determine which buds will give us shoots with large, well-developed (well-differentiated) buds, and which will not give (weakly differentiated), it is necessary "to look inside a bud". But even already formed germs of inflorescences in the bud are able in a few days in spring or dedifferentiate or degrade depending on the influence of external conditions. Scientists have learned to use this ability to increase the maximum possible yield in years of severe damage of grape by frosts. Firstly, in frosty winters the central buds wither out. The replacing buds usually have poor fruiting and bad productivity during years. In such cases, it is more profitable to conduct a small cutting of angle buds arranged in a circle at the base of a shoot. At the beginning of the second vegetation phase, these buds will obtain the great bulk plastic substances, which will cause the dedifferentiation of rudiments of inflorescences in them. Thus, it is possible not only to restore rapidly the normal shape of a bush, but to obtain a good harvest this year

The article reviews the results of studying the influence of mineral fertilizers on the qualitative indices of the Merlot grape variety in the Anapo-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region. The technology of cultivation of grapes on the experimental plot was in accordance with the accepted for the given zone and culture. Agrobiological work was carried out at the optimal time and had a high quality of execution. Grape bushes are laid in a 3.0 x 2.0 m pattern. Formation - a twoshoulder horizontal cordon. On the bushes we formed the same load of shoots and bunches. Scheme of the experiment: option 1 – no fertilizers (control); option 2-superphosphate with a mixture of potassium salt (P90K90) from the autumn; option 3 –nitroammofoska (N120P120K120) from autumn; option 4 – ammonium nitrate (N60) in early spring. Analysis of the results of studies on the study of biological features of growth, fruiting, yield and quality of Merlot grape varieties on the background of the use of mineral fertilizers shows their high efficiency in the conditions of the AnapoTamanskaya zone of the Krasnodar region and can be recommended for use in production conditions. Mineral fertilizers ensures the receipt of dry bulk wine of superior quality control sample (without fertilizers) the concentration of tartaric acid 17.3 25.1 percent, phenolic compounds 17.1 – 40.0 %, and alcohol content of 7.2 and 9.3 %, titratable acids 11.8 and 13.7 %, given extract by 17.4 %, with a decrease of the mass concentration of total sulfur dioxide and pH. The most effective is the introduction of NPK (N120P120K120)

This article deals with the results of the research work concerning the influence of foliar application of grape of Saperavi variety by soluble fertilizers of new generation-Nutrivant plus and Kelik potassiumsilicon. The influence of these fertilizers on yield and actual fruitfulness have also been investigated. The experiments have been carried out both in pureform and in a tankmixture with growth regulator “VIMPEL”. The treatment by these fertilizers has been done three times in the following period; after flowering, in fruit growth phase,(pea-size berry) and in the phase of fruit maturing The foliar treatment in a pure form as well as in a tank mixture led to increase of bunch weight, harvest per bush and the yield capacity of plantation. The influence of fertilizers depended not only on variants of experiment but also on weather conditions of the previous and current year as well as on the previous yield. The negative correlation between the indexes of yield structure of the previous year and the actual fruitfulness of the current year has been revealed. However, the character of these correlative connections depends on many factors and greatly differs according to the year. As a result of these investigations, it was stated that foliar application of Saperavi grape variety by fertilizers of a new generation Nutrivant plus and Kelik potassiumsilicon in a tank mixture with growth regulator “Vimpel” in periods after flowering, berry growth(pea-size berry) and at the beginning of berry maturing did not promote a stable and significant increase of the main indexes of an actual fruitfulness. The real increase observed in all experimental variants was achieved mainly due to the increase of the average weight of the bunch

The results of comparative analysis of three white muscat grades of grapes Viorika, the Muscat de Yaloven and the Muscat onitskan according to the biological indicators of fructification, productivity, quality of berries, mechanical structure of bunches, suitability for manufacture of direct extraction juice and dry wines are depicted in the article. All studied grades differ by high percent of fruiting runaways and high factors of fruiting and fructification. The highest factors of fruiting and fructification of runaways are reflected at grade Viorika, and the lowest - at a grade the Muscat de Yaloven. Biological indicators of fructification of runaways according to the length of a fruit spear are high and rather levelled at all grades. That is why, depending on bushes forming, it is possible to apply short and average (6-7 buds) length of vine cutting. Biological indicators of fructification of runaways from angular buds and sleeping buds are high enough, that shows to good regenerative ability of studied grades. Grades Viorika and the Muscat de Yaloven are tall, and the Muscat onitskan is average height. Degree of ripening of runaways at grades Viorika and the Muscat onitskan is good, at a grade the Muscat de Yaloven - satisfactory. Productivity of grades Viorika, Muscat de Yaloven and the Muscat onitskan is 77,94; 81,52 and 72,72 centner/hectares, and efficiency of runaway - 199,5; 193 and 221,9 with a significant difference between grades on both indicators. The exit of a mash at grades was 77,5-79,4 %. According to the contents of solids, sugars and acids, grapes of all grades correspond to requirements for manufacture of high-quality direct extraction juice. From grapes of these grades, it is possible to produce high-quality direct extraction juice under the name of ampelographic and blended grades. Sampling estimation of dry wines from grapes of these grades fluctuates from 7,6 to 7,8 points: 7,8 (Viorika), 7,7 (the Muscat onitskan), 7,6 (the Muscat de Yaloven)

Numerous studies have found a different quality of the buds along the length of the fruit arms, which expressed various degrees establishing embryonic inflorescences in the central buds. It is revealed that many of the grapes have more fruit-bearing eyes formed on average (4-6 knots) and upper (7 to 10 knots) levels of fruit escape, compared to the lower (1-3 nodes) layer. In connection with the different quality of the buds along the length of fruit vines should be used and different ways of cutting them. It is necessary to consider the biological characteristics of varieties, ways of doing and shaping the bushes, the weather conditions of the area during the growing season and relative calm. To receive annually a stable high yield of grapes, we must first set the optimal length of pruning fruit shoots and optimal load on the Bush healthy eyes. This requires for each class on the eve of trimming bushes to carry out the analysis of the wintering holes along the length of the fruit shoots and to identify the embryonic fruitfulness of Central buds, i.e. to carry out the prediction of grape yield next year. The article presents data on the formation of the embryonic fruitfulness of Central buds of wintering buds at the Taman group of grapes – Arcadia, Viorica, Hibernal, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Moldova, Pinot white, Riesling, Saperavi, Traminer pink, Tsimlyansky black, Chardonnay. Found higher rates of embryonic fruitfulness of Central buds buds in the studied grape varieties - Chardonnay, Riesling, Viorica, Hibernal, Merlot, Moldova, where the coefficients of fruiting ranged from 1.40 m from Riesling to 1.69 from Merlot; factor productivity of 1.58 from the Chardonnay to 1.77 from Merlo. The high percentage of fruitful buds from 80,8 from Cabernet Sauvignon to 95.6 in the cultivars Merlot and Chardonnay. A higher percentage of eyes with 2 embryonic buds in the cultivars Merlot and Viorica who have this indicator amounted to, respectively: 75,6 and 70.6%. Forecasting a crop of grapes next year to trim the bushes on the proposed method will provide a full crop of grapes

The article highlights the questions of preliminary determination of the yield of vineyards, grape harvest prediction method to determine the optimal length of fruit cutting of shoots and load bushes wintering eyes, kidneys examined productivity index wintering buds (CP), which shows how many inflorescences have an average for each left eye escape when cutting to length, including the dead. It was found that the yield of grapes has a great influence the degree of differentiation of inflorescence of rudiments in the central buds overwintering buds. From the moment of laying the harvest of grapes in hibernating little eyes in the form of embryonic inflorescences until commercial harvest takes two growing seasons. During this period the generative organs of grape plants are affected by many factors of the environment. Heterogeneity was found of buds along the length of one-year matured shoots. It is expressed in the fact that many grape varieties fruitfulness buds at the base of the shoot are much lower compared with upstream eyes. A certain death of wintering buds (primarily, the main kidney) at the end of the growing season, before the autumn frosts. The main reason for the death of buds during the growing season - from defeat fungal diseases. Taking into account the percentage of deaths of buds proposed a new exponent forming embryonic kidney main inflorescence - productivity index of buds by the ratio of embryonic stems to the number of buds, including the dead. Thus, annual forecasting of grape harvest next year to cutting the bushes by the proposed method makes it possible to scientifically establish the optimal cut length of shoots and fruit load on the bush eyes. This helps to realize directly the potential of each variety and vineyard site and get maximum yields even in years with low fruit tab formations

In January 2015, at the Vineyard and ZAO "Pobeda" in Temryuk District of the Krasnodar region, the thermometer dropped to minus 21,6 C, which resulted in significant damage to the central wintering buds. The article presents a method of determining the degree of damage of wintering buds. Based on the results of inspection of variety by sections divided into 3 groups. Group 1: saved between 40 and 72% central. This group includes the following 7 varieties : Pervenets Magaracha (uch. 64) Gibernal (uch. 74/3), Viorica (uch. 77), Riton (uch. 66), Riesling (uch. 82), Traminer (uch. 73/2), Chardonnay (uch. 73/3). Cutting of bushes should be carried out by the usual way. The task of cutting - compensate the loss of crops due to leaving the greater load. Group 2: Central buds was damaged nearly 70-85%, saved from 20 to 35% of replacement buds. This group includes Merlot (uch. 83), Tsitronyy Magaracha (uch. 69), Augustine (uch. 66), Saperavi (uch. 79), Chardonnay (uch. 74/1), Muscat white (uch. 73) Cabernet Sauvignon (uch. 80). During cutting should be left as much as possible of annual shoots and well-developed secondary shoots. Group 3: damaged more than 85% of central buds, replacement buds significantly damaged . To this group assigned Saperavi (uch. 80), Pinot blanc (uch. 74), Merlot (uch. 80/2), Moldova (uch. 70), Chardonnay (uch. 68), Moldova (uch. 22) Kaberne- Sauvignon (uch. 68), Moldova (uch. 38), Arkadia (uch. 78), Tsimlyansky black (uch. 68). Pre-cutting consists in removing all clearly dead and unusable parts of the bush (dried vines, stumps, annual shoots) that will accelerate the development of shoots from the angular buds and resting buds. Considering the high plasticity of grape plants, can not only in accelerated way to restore the crown of bushes damaged by frost, but also get a crop in the current year, using special methods of agricultural technology

In the given article, innovations of application of Nutrivant-plus spray feeding at Viorika variety vineyards are presented. As a result, it has made more considerable impact on the basic agro biological and technological indicators of a variety, than monokalium phosphate standard fertilizer; it has promoted quantity increase of embryonic inflorescences and their differentiation; stimulated an increase in a weight of a cluster and, as a consequence, increase of a crop from a bush and hectare; considerably accelerated and stimulated process of accumulation of sugars in juice of berries; led to increase in the area of a sheet plate; provided increase of economic efficiency of manufacture of grapes

In this innovational section the results of two-year test of technology of influence of biologically active substances "Rostock", "Kremniy", «Lignogumat kaliya» and "Zircon", and also water activated through the matrixes of these substances by means of "Akvator" device grape plants of Bianka variety are presented. Researches have shown, that the water activated by "Akvator" device, possesses surprising abilities, its influence on a grape plant exceeds influence of BAS solutions more than in 1,3 times by efficiency

In the article the questions of grape plantings spareness elimination by the ways of filling-up saplings with cuttings of scleroticе rods, green arms or a bush and reinoculation of bushes. With the preventive purpose, for reduction of plantings spareness degree on a vineyard, stamping of arms, application of potash fertilizers in the summer and in the autumn, stopping of watering in due time, normal loading of bushes with a crop and harvesting in due time are done, i.e. all the conditions for the best ripening of a rod and preparation of plants for winter are made