Scientific Journal of KubSAU

The introduction of innovative technologies of cultivation of priority crops is not possible without the use of biologics. Their incorporation into the soil or on the leaf surface allows achieving a significant increase in productivity and production quality. Currently, on the market of agrochemical products, micronutrient fertilizers offer a wide and varied range of products, both foreign and domestic production. To select the most appropriate preparations or their combinations in price and the resulting effect is a complex task. Therefore, the aim of this study was the study of living forms of microorganisms and growth regulators on development and productivity of soft winter wheat called Yuka. The research was carried out in 2013-2015 in the fields of training and demonstration center for sustainable technologies in FSRI of the «ASC «Donskoy». As the test drugs we used Extresol 1/t seeds and vegetation 1l/ha; Agrophone KU-8 seeds 2 l/t of the growing season is 2 l/ha; seed Vigor forte of 0,50 g/t on vegetation of 0,25 g/ha; Flavobacterium 1,2 l/t seeds and 0,3 l/ha during growing season; Rostock 0,3 l/t and 0,2 l/ha during growing season; Risotorphine 1,2 l/t and 0,4 l/ha during growing season. As a result of researches it is established that living forms of bacteria preparation «Extrasol» and the growth regulators affected the productivity of winter wheat. The yield increase was from 0,53 t/ha to 0,66 t/ha. Huge positive role was played by biological technology of utilization of plant residues with the use of biological products and growth regulators. The introduction of this technology in the training and demonstration center for the production of winter wheat allowed to get 4056 Rub income from 1 ha, at the level of profitability 158%

Issues related to the use of combined aggregates in soil preparation are relevant and of scientific and practical interest. The relevance is increased when it comes to the cultivation of the main crop – winter wheat. In this regard, the presented results on the efficiency of using combined aggregates in preparing soil for winter crops are important primarily from a practical point of view. Experimental studies were conducted in the conditions of long-term stationary experience in the Federal state budgetary institution «Agrarian Science Center «Donskoy», Zernograd, Rostov region. The article considers the efficiency of using the combined unit APK-4, developed in "SKNIIMESH" now Federal state research institution of the «Agrarian Science Center «Donskoy» in the cultivation of winter wheat. The structural and technological scheme of a combined unit, the technological process of which consists of several technological operations performed at the same time, is justified. Disk working bodies crush plant residues and destroy weeds. This creates a network of cracks in the underlying soil horizons. Next, there are flat-cutting working bodies that loosen the soil to a set depth. The root system of weeds is pruned, the remaining loosened soil layer is loosened to the required depth, the formation of a smooth bottom of the "furrow", and the separation of erosive soil particles to the bottom of the furrow. Next, the roller starts working – a lump-crushing sealer, which provides crushing of soil lumps on the surface and sub-compaction of the treated layer. The last in the technological chain is a mulching roller, which provides the formation of a compacted seedbed for seeds with simultaneous mulching of the compacted soil layer. The use of the combined unit in the technology of winter wheat cultivation allowed to reduce the number of technological operations by 1,5-2,5 times, increase the productivity of winter wheat by 11-13% and the cost of production by 10,4-18,3 %

The article discusses the influence on the thermal regime of soil by agricultural activities, as well as the results of studies on determination of temperature in different soil layers under conditions of insufficient and unstable moistening of southern Russia. Experiments were performed in the experimental field in FSRI of the «ASC «Donskoy» (Zernograd, Rostov oblast) in terms of long-term stationary experience in the cultivation of soybeans with different technologies (traditional, zero). We performed the soil temperature checking at a depth of 30 and 60 cm using the temperature sensors with a measurement range from -40S to + 85S with a measuring accuracy of ±0,6S. For accumulation of data were used in the logger (weather station) Watch Dog 1400 series Micro. The purpose of the research was to determine and compare the influence of technologies of processing of soil on the temperature of the soil at different levels. On the basis of the conducted researches it is established that the average value of the ambient temperature stood at 23,8S a standard deviation of 3,1S. These figures are higher than the temperature of the soil at the background processed by traditional technology, and the raw background. The lowest average soil temperature at a depth of 30 cm (21,2S) recorded at zero background, obviously due to the presence on the soil surface of plant residues that protect the soil from solar radiation. Thus, the soil as a dynamic system converts the input signal (the ambient temperature) so that it is reduced in size and the rate of change (dynamic). These soil characteristics are determined by the technologies of soil processing

The article presents the results of research on the impact of tillage technologies on the value of its density in the cultivation of winter wheat in conditions of insufficient and unstable wetting of the south of Russia. Experimental studies were carried out in the conditions of a long-term stationary experiment with a four-field crop rotation with different variants of tillage (dump, layer-by-layer, small, surface). The soil density was fixed at spring tillering of winter wheat and at the end of the growing season. Conducted analysis of variance shows that the soil has relaxation abilities, i.e. over time, it restores its properties by compaction ability, since studies conducted during the period of tillering of winter wheat show that Ffact. Ftable. (5,794,76), i.e. methods of treatment have an impact on soil compaction, which cannot be said for the case at the end of the growing season of winter wheat. The ability to restore its properties is a remarkable property of the soil, as it prevents them from over-compaction. The energy intensity of the compacted soil treatment increases to 30%, while the degree of crumbling is significantly reduced and its lumpiness increases. The most fundamental way to reduce the density of the soil is its timely loosening by working bodies of agricultural tools. Tillage methods affect soil density, the correlation coefficient between tillage methods and soil density varies between 0,929-0,979. The most radical way of soil decompression is exposure to it by a certain type of working bodies

The article discusses the possibilities and presents the results of research on the cultivation of spring barley with different production technologies in conditions of insufficient and unstable wetting of the south of Russia. Experimental studies were carried out in a stationary experiment with a four-field crop rotation with different variants of tillage (dump, flat-cut, layered, without tillage – no-till). It is established that the most expensive is the waste treatment of the soil (PN-5-35), and the least expensive is the technology excluding the impact on the soil. At the same time, the operating costs of labor and fuel consumption at no-till are lower, respectively, by 82-107, 23-48, 131-188% in comparison with traditional types of technology. Hectare fuel consumption with zero technology is 131-188% less than with traditional technologies and amounted to 22.8 kg / ha. The cost of production of spring barley using no-till is 8-41% lower compared to flat-cut, layer-by-layer, and dump technology and amounts to 285 rubles per cent. Calculated per 1 hectare, labor costs, fuel consumption, wages, fuel costs, deductions for renovation and repairs, as well as total operating costs for traditional basic tillage technologies increase, respectively, 1,23-1,48; 2,31-2,88; 1,30-1,56; 3,1-3,81; 1,65-1,85; 1,81-1,96; 1,83-2,09 times compared with no-till. The use of spring barley cultivation technology that excludes impact on the soil provides a fairly high efficiency even at lower yields

The use of resource-saving technologies for cultivation of basic crops does not make sense without the use of microelement fertilizers, biologics and growth regulators. All this fully applies to the technology of cultivation of the main bean culture – pea. In the current market conditions of agrochemical products, microfertilizers are presented in a wide range. Identifying the most effective of them at a price and yield increase is a defining task for agricultural producers. In this connection, the purpose of the research was to study the influence of biologics and growth regulators on the development and productivity of peas with the definition of their most effective them. The studies were conducted in 2014-2016 on the fields of the training and demonstration center on the introduction of resource-saving technologies of the IPCC APK VO "DGAU" in Zernograd, Rostov Region. As the studied drugs there were used Rizotorfin, Extrasol, Vigor Fort, Miwal Agro, Flavobacterin, Biogumat Kubansky, KU-8 Agrofon. As a result of the research, it was established that all the preparations studied showed a positive effect on the development of pea plants grade Angela. The yield gain was 0,34-0,56 t/ha in comparison with the control. The most effective are the following ones: Extrasol with a yield increase of 0,56 t / ha (14,6%) and a profitability level of 232%, Mival Agro – 0,54 t/ha (14,1%) and a profitability level of 192%, Biohumat Kuban – 0,55 t/ha (14,3%) and the level of profitability of 271%. A good level of profitability was noted at KU-8 Agrofon – 224%

The article considers the possibility of reducing the cost of tillage in the production of grain crops. The most important economic characteristic of production is operating costs. In terms of agricultural production, they represent the amount of contributions to wages, depreciation, repairs, and the cost of fuel, lubricants and other consumables. In this regard, the aim of the research was to determine the dynamics of operating costs in the production of legumes. Determination of the dynamics of operating costs was carried out on the basis of the results of studies of energy-saving technologies in a stationary experience. Variants of processing of the soil on the conventional technology was layered subsurface tillage combined unit, UNS-3, the layered subsurface tillage unit CUO-2 and conventional tillage (PN-5-35). No provision was made for zero tillage technology. As a result of the research it was found that on pre-sowing tillage and sowing, the value of operating costs varies for the crops under consideration, but has almost the same values (within each crop) for the methods of the main tillage. More preferable for this type of work is zero tillage, as it provides 21-29% lower operating costs due to direct sowing of crops. The highest operating costs for all the crops under consideration are observed in the main tillage. In the same technological period of work operating costs are the most variable. Thus, depending on the technology of the tillage when growing winter wheat, they change within 117,2-5229,2, the production of spring barley - to 167,8-4517,4 and in the production of peas – to 136,6-4517,4 thousand rubles

Currently in the South of Russia, the most acute problem of accumulation and preservation of productive moisture in arable layer of soil. This fact has a decisive influence on the yield of agricultural crops. The need to study the dynamics of accumulation of moisture of the treated soil due to the fact that at the first stage of development plants are very sensitive to moisture content in the rooting zone of the soil. Practically the regulation of the moisture content of the processed layer may correct the influence of soil tillage aggregates with different types of working bodies. The work was performed in FSRI of the «ASC «Donskoy» (Zernograd, Rostov area), in the conditions of stationary experience (4,3 ha), 2013-2015, where explores various technologies of soil treatment, including no treatment. To obtain comparable results the same selected set (rotation) of crops (winter wheat, spring barley, pea, vapor). As a result of researches it is established that on steam background (76,1-46,2 mm) content of productive moisture is more than two times higher than on other backgrounds (of 30,6-46,2 mm). This allows us to talk about the effectiveness of the fallow field from the point of view of accumulation of moisture. The analysis of statistical data allows making a conclusion about the impact of crops on the dynamics of productive moisture. On the other hand, the rating statistics of the received data with backgrounds treated with different technologies did not allow to find significant advantages to any of them, as the area under the curve ROС analysis does not exceed the value of 0,6. Therefore, the studied backgrounds in the period of the research have equal influence on the moisture content of the treated soil layer

Issues related to the contamination of crops are topical and very relevant. All this fully applies to the main crop produced in the South of Russia – winter wheat. In this regard, the presented results of studies of the influence of predecessors and tillage technologies on the development of weeds in the cultivation of winter wheat are relevant. Experimental studies were carried out in conditions of many years of experience located in the FEDERAL state scientific institution «ANTS «Donskoy». The influence of different methods of sowing (ordinary, scattered, belt) and technologies of tillage (dumping, non-dumping, surface, small) on infestation of winter wheat is considered. It is established that the least amount of weed plants is provided at scattered sowing on the background of deep tillage. The main treatment at a depth of 18-20 cm reduces the number of weeds by 47% in comparison with the surface (8-10 cm), and the scattered sowing reduces their number by 80%, since weeds are in more severe conditions compared to winter wheat, the rapid development of which contributes to the optimal nutrition area. Of the predecessors, the most acceptable is the steam with the number of weeds 7-25 PCs / m2, which is several times less than after peas, or corn after silage

The article deals with the application of the theory of regulation for the synthesis of technological mechanical devices and their replacement by electrical or electronic analogs in order to reduce energy processes in soil cultivating and sowing machines