Scientific Journal of KubSAU

The article discusses the relevance of the use of protected amino acids (lysine and methionine) in animal husbandry of the Krasnodar region, using the example of the farm "Krasnodar". The highest milk yield was obtained from cows with the combined addition of lysine and methionine in their diet. In relation to control (CR), the average daily milk yield in the group with combined additives (CR+L+M) was 38.4 kg/day. In addition, there was a positive effect of lysine and the combined additive (CR+L+M) on protein and fat in milk. Protected methionine (CRM) had no effect on the yield of fat and protein in milk. It was noted that additives of protected amino acids in groups with lysine and combined amino acids reduced the cost of dry matter (DM) and metabolizable energy (ME) per kg of milk. The results of our studies have shown that the productive milk response and its components are affected by the amount of the first limiting amino acid in the diet. Also, the supply of protected lysine changed the plasma concentration of animals and improved the availability of amino acids for milk protein synthesis

It this article, the situation in dairy practice with nutrition factors caused metabolic diseases such as ketosis, acidosis, lameness and a decline in fertility is shown. The article has the proposes on the nutrition of highly productive cows in transition period

The article presents a factorial model for determining the needs of lactating cows in essential amino acids. The algorithm of the model uses fragments from the NRC – 2001 models [39], CNCPS – 200 [60], and research materials published in the world literature. Instead of the transformation coefficients of the metabolizable lysine and methionine for milk production equal to 0.85 and 1.00, respectively, by the CNCPS, the coefficients 0.68 and 0.66 were used according to Doepel et al., 2004 [49] and the authors' own data [69]. Norms obtained using this model in lysine and methionine in milk production and maintenance in percentage of metabolizable protein (MP) were 7.28 and 2.4%, which is identical to the NRC – 2001 standards, equal to 7.2 and 2.4 % respectively, obtained by dose – response method based on dozens of experiments. The norm of histidine was 3.5%, which closely corresponds to the indicator of 2.4 and 2.7 % MP [74], obtained by the incremental addition method. This indicates that the presented model is distinguished by sufficiently high accuracy and is comparable with the models developed by the dose – response method. However, the determination of the need of cows for amino acids in this model is much less expensive than the dose – response method. The need for the absolute amount of metabolizable essential amino acids (MEAA) for milk production (35 kg/d, yield milk protein 1103 gytt6) and maintenance cow - 600 kg, g/d: lysine - 178, methionine - 59, arginine - 119, histidine - 60, isoleucine - 138, leucine - 248, phenylalanine - 152, threonine - 134, tryptophan - 38, valine - 174; the need for only milk production, g/d: 130; 42; 81; 42; 95; 175; 98; 74; 25; 112; the need for only maintenance, g/d: 50; 16; 38; 20; 43; 73; 54; 60; 14; 64; the need for 1 kg of milk (31.5 g of protein) g/kg: 3.7; 1.2; 2.3; 1.2; 2.7; 5.0; 2.8; 2.1; 0.7; 3.2; need to maintain, g / kg 0.75: 0.41; 0.14; 0.31; 0.16; 0.35; 0.60; 0.44; 0.50; 0.11; 0.53. In addition, the article presents the norms of amino acids per 1 kg of dry matter (DM) ration. However, the proposed standards need a comprehensive assessment in the research and practice of dairy farming. Research is needed to improve the models and predict the MEAA in the rations in the following areas: studying the metabolism of amino acids in the body of cows and determining their costs for maintaining the digestive tract, tissues and organs, refining, on this basis, the utilization of amino acids for milk protein production and maintenance; the development of ideal amino-acid profile of low-protein diets, both due to the adjustment of natural ingredients, and through the use of amino acid preparations that are protected from disintegration in the rumen

The article presents a factorial model for determining the needs of lactating cows in essential amino acids. The algorithm of the model uses fragments from the NRC – 2001 models [39], CNCPS – 200 [60], and research materials published in the world literature. Instead of the transformation coefficients of the metabolizable lysine and methionine for milk production equal to 0.85 and 1.00, respectively, by the CNCPS, the coefficients 0.68 and 0.66 were used according to Doepel et al., 2004 [49] and the authors' own data [69]. Norms obtained using this model in lysine and methionine in milk production and maintenance in percentage of metabolizable protein (MP) were 7.28 and 2.4%, which is identical to the NRC – 2001 standards, equal to 7.2 and 2.4 % respectively, obtained by dose – response method based on dozens of experiments. The norm of histidine was 3.5%, which closely corresponds to the indicator of 2.4 and 2.7 % MP [74], obtained by the incremental addition method. This indicates that the presented model is distinguished by sufficiently high accuracy and is comparable with the models developed by the dose – response method. However, the determination of the need of cows for amino acids in this model is much less expensive than the dose – response method. The need for the absolute amount of metabolizable essential amino acids (MEAA) for milk production (35 kg/d, yield milk protein 1103 gytt6) and maintenance cow - 600 kg, g/d: lysine - 178, methionine - 59, arginine - 119, histidine - 60, isoleucine - 138, leucine - 248, phenylalanine - 152, threonine - 134, tryptophan - 38, valine - 174; the need for only milk production, g/d: 130; 42; 81; 42; 95; 175; 98; 74; 25; 112; the need for only maintenance, g/d: 50; 16; 38; 20; 43; 73; 54; 60; 14; 64; the need for 1 kg of milk (31.5 g of protein) g/kg: 3.7; 1.2; 2.3; 1.2; 2.7; 5.0; 2.8; 2.1; 0.7; 3.2; need to maintain, g / kg 0.75: 0.41; 0.14; 0.31; 0.16; 0.35; 0.60; 0.44; 0.50; 0.11; 0.53. In addition, the article presents the norms of amino acids per 1 kg of dry matter (DM) ration. However, the proposed standards need a comprehensive assessment in the research and practice of dairy farming. Research is needed to improve the models and predict the MEAA in the rations in the following areas: studying the metabolism of amino acids in the body of cows and determining their costs for maintaining the digestive tract, tissues and organs, refining, on this basis, the utilization of amino acids for milk protein production and maintenance; the development of ideal amino-acid profile of low-protein diets, both due to the adjustment of natural ingredients, and through the use of amino acid preparations that are protected from disintegration in the rumen

In the article, there are the results of comparative studies of the effect of diets with imbalance lysine and tryptophan on the growth, appetite and tissue components of the protein-synthesizing system of Wistar rats and pigs

In this article, we discussed the problems of the metabolic disease of cows in peripartum period and profitability of the consequent lactation. The article has materials about adaptation in postpartum and arise ketosis, acidosis, laminit and reproductively reasons

This review covers the advances of the molecular biology in the study of gene expression characteristics of animals in the amino acid imbalance

An experiment was conducted to examine the effect of fatty acid concentrate (FAC), as a new source of energy and carnitine on performance, physiological condition and meat quality of broiler chickens. In experiment there were four groups of 80 chickens of cross Hubbard each (males: females=40:40) in age period 0-41 days. 1 group (control) received in during the periods 0-14, 15-28 and 29-41days, sunflower oil (SO) respectively 5.34%, 5.50%, and 6.10%, group 2 received the same amounts of FAC instead SO, 3 group - mixture SO:FAC (50:50), 4 group -FAC + 0,25% carnitine. Final body weight: 1 group = 2574±29 g, 2 group FAC= 2553±27 g 3 group SO + FAC = 2531±34 g., 4 group FAC+0,25 carnitine = 2520±34 g. Feed conversion, digestibility of nutrients, blood hematology and biochemistry, the condition of organs, meat quality and cutting of carcass of chickens on FAC had no any differences from the same signs in chicks on SO. Carnitine had a positive effect on chicken growth only in the period 0-14 and less 15-28 days; in the period 29-41 days daily gain was below, than that in 1-3 groups. Canitine reduced the content of liver fat. Outcome: FAC is a satisfactory source of energy, comparable with vegetable oils. The price of FAC is 30% lower in comparison with sunflower oil and soybean oils, therefore its use in broiler poultry farming instead of vegetable oils will be of great economic importance

The effect of dietary supplementation with dry bakery yeast culture Saccharomyces cerevisiae in high concentrate diet (F:C=47:53) on milk yeald and rumen fermentation were studied on two groups primiparous lactaiting cows (8 cows per group) and four ruminally cannulated nonlactaiting cows on diet F:C=25:75. Cows fed yeast during 67 days produced 1.24 kg/d and 1.66 kg/d natural and 4% fat corrected milk respectively more, than control cows. Milk protein and fat percentages were also higher. On diet with yeast ruminal concentration of lactate was lower and butirate+propionate was higher. The yeast incrised rumen pH, decreased NH3 in rumen and urea in blood, decreased viscosity of rumen fluid

The purpose of the research is to compare the effect of a new symbiotic feed supplement created based on propionic and lactic acid bacteria with a widely used domestic and foreign enzyme-probiotic preparations in chickens 0-28 days of age of the Lohmann Brown egg cross. In the experiment, there were six groups of chickens: group 1 received basal diet (BD); group 2 – BD + symbiotic preparation; group 3 – BD + Bacell; group 4 – BD + Agrocell; group 5 – BD + Agroksil; group 6 – BD + Ollzaym Vegpro. Average daily gain, food conversion rate per 1g of weight gain, digestibility of organic matter, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, made up respectively: group 1 – 8.17, 1.91, 71.4, 58.3, 68.0, 81.1; group 2 ˗ 8.36, 1.90, 72.4, 60.2, 69.7, 88.1; group 3 – 8.13, 1.91, 73.1, 60.2, 69.7, 88.1; group 4 – 8.33, 1.86, 74.2, 62.5, 72.2, 87.6; group 5 – 8.50, 1.83, 77.3, 64.1, 73.4, 95.4; group 6 – 7.91, 1.92, 73.2, 67.5, 70.7, 94.3. The growth rate of chickens fed with symbiotic feed supplement was 2.3% higher than in the control and they showed the highest fiber digestibility. The chickens on diet with Agroksil enzyme efficiently raised growth rate (+4%) and reduced feed costs (-4.2%). Agrocell increased weight gain by 2% and reduce feed costs by 2.6%. The growth rate of chickens fed Ollazaym Vegpro was the lowest (96.8% of control), despite the fact that it increased significantly the digestibility of crude protein, but slightly improved the digestibility of other nutrients. Outcome: symbiotic feed supplement may be of interest as a means of increasing the productivity of chickens