Scientific Journal of KubSAU

The article reports in color on the characteristics of the three varieties and their clones that are common in Afghanistan. In the process of ampelographic screening of vineyards in Afghanistan, three varieties previously undescribed in Russian literature under the local names Aita, Gundyan and Shandyhani were discovered. Their identification by ampelographic and ampelometric characteristics made it possible to establish the original Aita variety, the Gundyan variety as a synonym for Guladan and Shandyhani as a synonym for the world famous Sultanin, or Kishmish. The described varieties are quite common in Afghanistan, reputable in economic returns and are still promising for cultivation in their country, where they are successfully used in the manufacture of dried products and high-quality diet juices. To identify the impact of various environmental conditions on the growth, development, quantity and quality of the crop, these varieties must be tested in all zones of different ecological and geographical areas of cultivation

The article presents the results of microclonal reproduction and recovery of native grape varieties, the creation of basic nursery. In addition to the culture of apical meristems, we have developed a chemotherapy using salicylic acid. A method of decontamination of plants from mycoplasma infection has also been developed, which includes the introduction of the antibiotic Cefotaxim in the nutrient environment at a concentration of 50 to 450 mg/L, depending on the degree of infection of plants. Adding to the nutrient medium of the drug Emistim reduces the death of meristems from infection by 3-5 times, improves their differentiation. The use of the drug Melafen helps to improve morphogenesis and quality characteristics of plants. The high survival rate of meristems during adaptation to non-sterile conditions has been noted. Biological testing on herbaceous indicators showed no chronic diseases. Plants after adapting to non-sterile conditions are planted, in the form of vegetative seedlings with a closed rootsystem, on the basic nursery. The survival rate of plants was 70-80%, in some varieties it is higher: 96.4% (Sypun black) - 98.6% (Krestovsky). It has been proved that in vitro clonal microbreeding there is no change at the genetic level even after 8 years of cultivation, which confirms the reliability of the developed technology of reproduction and recovery of native grape varieties in vitro

On the example of economic analysis, we have characterized the life cycle of a scientific institution, the history of the formation and development of which covers almost a three-hundred-year period. The article determines features of the methodology for identifying the stages of the life cycle of a scientific organization and identifying factors that determine the stage of the life cycle

This article presents information about the features of biotechnology as the driving force of scientific and technological progress. The national programs of the leading countries of the world, it is one of the priority sectors, reflecting the level of the socio-economic condition of the society. Biotechnology is now successfully solves such vital tasks as providing food, the establishment of effective medicaments, obtaining fuel based on renewable raw materials, maintaining ecological balance, conservation of biological resources of the Earth. The development of agriculture in modern conditions is impossible without agricultural biotechnology. It is directly related to viticulture. Choosing an object of an integrated system (embryos, apical meristem, axillary buds), it is possible to clone plants, i.e. produce plants identical to the original. If the same as the object to use isolated cells or protoplasts, in this case, there will most likely altered versions, creating diversity for the breeder. Genetic engineering – the science of younger, since the establishment of the first chimeric DNA molecule. The origin of genetic engineering is rooted in the development of molecular genetics, biochemistry. These technologies, undoubtedly progressive, but their biological safety is still insufficiently explored and is a danger to all life on Earth. The leading Western powers carried out strict control over the introduction of transgenic crop plants, as they are in agrocenosis new biological risks that may adversely affect the plants, animals and humans. In Russia, as in other countries, have already adopted the law “State regulation of genetic engineering”