Scientific Journal of KubSAU

The article discusses the use of automatic systemic-cognitive analysis (ASC-analysis), its mathematical model is a system of information theory and software tools – an intellectual system called "Eidos" for the solution of some problems of ampelography: 1) digitization of scanned images of the leaves and creation of their mathematical models; 2) the formation of mathematical models of specific leaves using the spreading of information theory; 3) the formation of models of generalized images of leaves of various sorts; 4) comparing an image of a specific leaf with a generalized image of the leaf of different varieties and finding a quantitative degree of similarity and differences between them, i.e. the identification of the varieties on the leaf; 5) quantification of the similarities and differences of the varieties, i.e. cluster-constructive analysis of generalized images of the leaves of different varieties. We propose a new approach to digitizing images of leaves, based on using the polar coordinate system, the center of gravity of the image and its external contour. Before scanning images we may use transformation to standardize the position of the still images, their sizes and rotation angle. Therefore, the results of digitization and ASC-analysis of the images might be invariant (independent) relatively to their position, size and rotation. The specific shape of the contour of the leaf is regarded as noise information on the variety, including information about the true shape of the leaf of the class (clean signal) and noise, which distort this true form, originating in a random environment. Software tools of ASC-analysis – intellectual "Eidos" system ensures noise reduction and the selection of the signal about the true shape of the leaf of each variety on the basis of a number of noisy concrete examples of the leaves of this variety. This creates a one way form of a leaf of each class, free from their concrete implementations, i.e., the "Eidos" of these images (in the sense of Plato) is a prototype or archetype (in the Jungian sense) of the images

The article discusses the application of automated system-cognitive analysis (ASC-analysis), its mathematical model is a system of information theory and implements, its software tools – intellectual system called "Eidos" for solving one of the important tasks of ampelography: to quantify the similarities and differences of different clones of grapes using contours of the leaves. To solve this task we perform the following steps: 1) digitization of scanned images of the leaves and creation their mathematical models; 2) formation mathematical models of specific leaves with the application of information theory; 3) modeling the generalized images of leaves of different clones on the basis of specific leaves (multiparameter typing); 4) verification of the model by identifying specific leaf images with generic clones, i.e., classes (system identification); 5) quantification of the similarities and differences of the clones, i.e. cluster-constructive analysis of generalized images of leaves of various clones. The specific shape of the contour of the leaf is regarded as noise information on the clone to which it relates, including information about the true shape of a leaf of this clone (clean signal) and noise, which distort the real shape, due to the random influence of the environment. Software tools of ASA-analysis which is intellectual "Eidos" system provides the noise suppression and the detection of a signal about the true shape of a leaf of each clone on the basis of a number of noisy concrete examples of the leaves of this clone. This creates a single image of the shape of the leaf of each clone, independent of their specific implementations, i.e. "Eidos" of these images (in the sense of Plato) - the prototype or archetype (in the Jungian sense) of the images

The article highlights the issues of grape plants resistance to low temperatures; it is an urgent problem for all wine-growing regions of the world, located in the zone of risky agriculture. Losses caused by frost, indicate long-standing necessity of perfection of assortment in terms of enhancing its hardiness by enriching more resistant genotypes obtained both through the introduction or naturalization, as well as from the crossing of indigenous with interspecies hybrids. Methodology for evaluating frost resistance properties of the material served as a preparation for the originality of his research and experimental evaluation of the unique divisibility properties of the aim. Thus, we initially conducted hardening of matured cuttings at positive temperature plus 8 plus 4 ° C for 14 days (I quenching phase) and a negative temperature minus 5 ° C-minus 7 ° C for 9 days and minus 10 ° C-1 day (II hardening phase). Then the cuttings we frozen in the temperature range from minus 16 ° C to the next steps of consistent freezing (minus 16 ° C - 2 days; minus 18 ° C - 2 days; minus 20 ° C - 2 days; minus 22 ° C – 1day, minus 24 ° C - 1 day, minus 26 ° C - 1 day, minus 28 ° C - 1 day and minus 30 ° C - 8 hours). After freezing of cuttings of each variety, the sample was placed on the 3 days in the refrigerator at the temperature of + 2 ° C to their gradual thawing. Cuttings were grown at room temperature on water. As a result, obtained by the accounting: the lowest frost-resistance among the studied forms of parental Crimean origins was found in grades of Shabash, Soldayya and Solnechnodolinsky; the varieties of Dzevat kara, Kokur bely, Kokur cherny, Misket, Misgyuli kara, Sari Pandas were set as a weak level (-20 °C); Aybatly, Kefesiya, Kok pandas and Ekim kara have average level up to -22 °C; the highest frost-resistance - 24 °C – was shown by Khersonessky and Kapselsky. Also, we have identified synthetic frost-resistant F1-population and plus-transgressive selection form

The article presents the material of forecasting for grape yield of next year and establishing the optimal loading if cutting of bushes. The material includes 14 varieties of grapes, 11 of them are technical and 3 are table ones. For each year of stable high yield of grapes, it is necessary to pre-set the optimum length of fruit cutting of shoots and optimum load on the bush healthy eyes. To do this for each variety on the eve of trimming bushes we perform optimum productivity analysis of wintering buds of fruit along the length of shoots, i.e. we implement forecasting of grape yield for next year. We have a plan of forecasting for yields of vineyards by microscopy of wintering buds on one-year shoots of fruit ripened grapes in order to establish the potential of embryonic establishment of inflorescences in the central holes of buds. Based on the analysis of buds, the indices were calculated for wintering fruiting buds and their degree of damage during the growing season. It was revealed, that the majority of grape varieties under study shows high tab embryonic inflorescences in central buds in overwintering buds for next year yield. Higher rates at a rate of fruiting buds were wintering in the varieties: Moldova (section 27). - 1.66; Bianca (section 6). - 1.83; Kunlean (section 15). - 1.71; Merlot (section 14). - 1.64; Saperavi (section 56). - 1.76. The lowest rates of fructification - the varieties Muscat Hamburg (section 21) and Augustine (section 11) and were respectively 1.20 and 1.24. As a planned productivity, we offered the optimal loading model of cutting bushes buds. As a result of productivity analyzes of buds along the length of the fruit shoots in 2016 we recommended to carry out pruning of fruit annual shoots 3-4 buds of the form of AZOS-1 and the form of cordon - 5-6 buds

The article presents results of studying the oenology and the biochemistry of the Cabernet-Sauvignon grapes in different areas of the Krasnodar region - Taman, Anapa, Abrau-Dyurso, Gelendzhik and Krasnodar. The yields, the mechanical composition of the grapes, the biochemical indicators of the juice of berries were compared. The cultivation zone affects the yield, the average mass of the bunch, the number and mass of berries in the bunch, the mass of the crest, but according to the percentage of berries and crest in the bunch, the bunch structure (ratio of mass of berries to mass of the ridge) does not significantly differ between growing zones. The mass of 100 berries and 100 seeds, the weight of seeds in 100 berries, the clustering index (the ratio of pulp with juice to peel) can differ in different places of growth, but with insignificant coefficients of variation. The composition of the bunch as a percentage of the total mass varies little over the growing zones: the ridges make up 5.6- 5.7%, the skin 4.9-5.2%, the seeds 4.8-4.9%, the pulp with the juice - 84.3-84.5%. Structural and berry indicators varied in the range of 5.4-5.5 and 76.84, respectively. Depending on the place of cultivation, the yield of the grape must in laboratory conditions was 75.1-75.7%. Analysis of the structure, composition and the structure of bunches showed that the mechanical composition of Cabernet-Sauvignon refers to the first group of varieties that retain their valuable characteristics when changing the growing conditions. When harvesting, the mass concentration of sugars was 19-19.8%, titrated acidity - 8.1-9.2 g / dm3, pH - 3.3- 3.4. Depending on the place of cultivation of the content of organic acids in the juice of berries was: wine - 4917-5918 mg / dm3, apple - 1926-2763, lemon - 215-416 mg / dm3. In different places of cultivation in% of the total amount of organic acids studied, the content of tartaric acid varied from 61.7 to 71.4%, apple - from 24.7 to 33.3%, lemon - from 3 to 5%. Thus, the content of organic acids in the juice of Cabernet-Sauvignon berries depends on the specific growing conditions. Depending on the growing places, the mass concentration of potassium cations is 2630-3508 mg / dm3, sodium 162-436, magnesium 171-230, calcium 185-255 mg / dm3. However, in most cases, as a percentage of the total cation content, there are no differences depending on the site of growth. Thus, the biochemical parameters of the juice of CabernetSauvignon berries depend on the specific natural conditions of the terrain and, according to these parameters, the variety belongs to the second group of varieties with less plasticity to different growing conditions

The article gives the results of the study of the texture of the grapes and biochemical characteristics of red wine grape varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Sapeari, Tsimladar, Pinot Noir for the production of juice of direct extraction and blending. The studied varieties in terms of the structure of the cluster may be divided into three groups of blackpinene (21.1), Cabernet Franc and Tsimladar (18.7 - 17.5), Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Saperavi (16.5 - 16.8) , and bunches of addition in terms of two groups - Tsimladar (17.6), Cabernet - Sauvignon and other (15.6 - 16.4). The structural component of grapes varieties ranged from 5.2 to 5.9, berry index - from 62.1 to 83.4, the output of the wort from 74.2 to 76.3%. The content of sugars and acids in the berries of all varieties is favorable for the production of beverages. The largest Tartaric acid content was found in the juice of the varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot Black, malic acid - in the juice of varieties Saperavi, Merlot, Tsimladar, citric acid - in the juice Tsimladar varieties, Cabernet Sauvignon, Saperavi. The ratio of tartaric acid to the content of the apple juice Cabernet Sauvignon was 2.9: 1, Cabernet Franc 2.6: 1, Pinot Black 2.5: 1, Merlot and Tsimladar 1.6: 1, 1.1 Sapevari: 1. According to the content of potassium cations, sodium, magnesium and calcium there were chosen three varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc. The lowest content of potassium and magnesium cations was in the variety of Tsimladar, Sodium – in the varieties Merlot and Saperavi, calcium – in Saperavi. Excellent tasting commended for juices was given to Cabernet Sauvignon, Saperavi, Tsimladar, good – to Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Pinot black. Best blending juice obtained by mixing the juice of the grape of the varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon and Pinot black 70:30, Saperavi and Pinot black 50:50. From the grapes of produced varieties, we can produce juice and varietal by name ampelographic variety and blended to extend the range

The article highlights the questions of preliminary determination of the yield of vineyards, grape harvest prediction method to determine the optimal length of fruit cutting of shoots and load bushes wintering eyes, kidneys examined productivity index wintering buds (CP), which shows how many inflorescences have an average for each left eye escape when cutting to length, including the dead. It was found that the yield of grapes has a great influence the degree of differentiation of inflorescence of rudiments in the central buds overwintering buds. From the moment of laying the harvest of grapes in hibernating little eyes in the form of embryonic inflorescences until commercial harvest takes two growing seasons. During this period the generative organs of grape plants are affected by many factors of the environment. Heterogeneity was found of buds along the length of one-year matured shoots. It is expressed in the fact that many grape varieties fruitfulness buds at the base of the shoot are much lower compared with upstream eyes. A certain death of wintering buds (primarily, the main kidney) at the end of the growing season, before the autumn frosts. The main reason for the death of buds during the growing season - from defeat fungal diseases. Taking into account the percentage of deaths of buds proposed a new exponent forming embryonic kidney main inflorescence - productivity index of buds by the ratio of embryonic stems to the number of buds, including the dead. Thus, annual forecasting of grape harvest next year to cutting the bushes by the proposed method makes it possible to scientifically establish the optimal cut length of shoots and fruit load on the bush eyes. This helps to realize directly the potential of each variety and vineyard site and get maximum yields even in years with low fruit tab formations

This review article highlights a new method of DNA extraction from herbarium leaves of grapes for use in PCR-analysis

The article contains results of the study of biochemistry of some perspective table grape varieties: Aniuta, Vodograi, Nizina and Jubilee Novocherkasska, yield in 2013 from the Central zone of Krasnodar region. At the time of redy yield the combination of sweetness and acidity of fruits were favorable. The ratio of fructose to glucose was 1.69; 1.36; 2.00; 1.13, respectively, in grapes Aniuta, Vodograi, Nisina, Jubilee Novocherkasska. According to the percentage of fructose in fruit juice varieties Aniuta, Vodograi and Jubilee Novocherkasska close to each other (50.93; 56.14; 51.23%). According to the percentage of glucose similar varieties Aniuta and Nizina (33 - 34.27%), Vodograi and Jubilee Novocherkasska (41.16 - 45.22%). Sort Jubilee Novocherkasska, had content in berries close fructose and glucose. Most of fructose (66.02%) in berries variety Nizina. In berries studied cultivars organic acid content was: wine 3128 - 3861, malic 982 - 3753, citric 109 - 317, amber 3 - 115 mg / dm3. The highest concentrations of potassium and sodium cations are presented in berries varieties Aniuta: potassium - 1219 sodium - 35.13 mg / dm3 and cations magnesium and calcium in berries Jubilee Novocherkasska 46.75 and 73.64 mg / dm3. The lowest concentration of potassium and sodium cations observed in grape Vodograi, magnesium - from grape Aniuta, calcium - at grape Nizina. We studied grape bunches are large, not dense, beautiful, berries are large, harmonious taste. Tasting score fresh grapes varieties Aniuta, Vodograi, Nizina, Jubilee Novocherkasska 7.6; 7.4; 7.8; 7.8 points respectively

Progress of breeding for resistance to diseases, pests and low temperatures is provided by cross-species hybridization. Institute of Vine and Wine "Magarach" is one of the leading centers of selection of grapes in the world. The breeding program of deducing grapes at the institute is based on the study and attracting the world's gene pool, including and industrial of the Russian Federation assortment of grapes. Analysis assortment shows that the share of productive, highquality varieties with group resistance to diseases, pests and extreme environmental factors is very small. The main method of selection of grapes of a new generation who have genetically determined traits earliness, resistance to biotic and abiotic factors is crossing complex interspecific hybrids and forms of their involvement with each other and with the forms of species Vitis vinifera, belonging to different ecogeographical groups, saturating crossing between hybrid forms with complex features, the appropriate selection of reference. For vigorous offspring is most effective as a parent to use a local variety of forms of Crohn and father - interspecific cultivar Alminsky