№ 114(10), December, 2015
Date issued: 30.12.2015
Physical Sciences and Engineering
When developing management solutions with the
aim of joint consideration and comparison of
various factors, partial removal of uncertainty is
widely used ratings. In the theory of decisionmaking
in almost the same sense, we use the terms
"composite index" or "integrated indicator". The
article is devoted to the mathematical theory of
ratings as tools for studying socio-economic
systems. We considered, primarily, linear ratings
which is a linear function from a single (private)
indicators (factors, criteria), constructed using the
coefficients of importance (weightiness,
importance). The study discusses the factors
affecting the magnitude of the ratings. Three groups
of causes affect the value of a line ranking: the ways
of measurement of individual indicators, the choice
of the set of indicators; the values of the coefficients
of importance. We considered binary ratings when
the rating takes two values. To compare the
proposed rankings we use a new indicator of the
quality of diagnostics and prognostic power.
Significantly, in many managerial situations,
significant differences between objects are identified
using any rating. According to the fundamental
results of stability theory, the same source data
should be processed in several ways. Matching
findings, obtained using multiple methods, likely
reflect the properties of reality. The difference is the
result of a subjective selection method. When using
the results of the comparison of objects according to
several indicators (criteria ratings), including in
dynamics, very useful is the selection of the Pareto
set. We discuss the examples of the application of
the decision theory, expert evaluations and rankings
when developing complex technical systems
The purpose of mathematical statistics is
development of methods for the data analysis
intended to solve applied problems. Over time,
approaches to the development of data analysis
methods have changed. A hundred years ago, it was
assumed, that the distributions of the data have a
certain type, for example, they are normal
distributions, and on that assumption they developed
a statistical theory. The next stage, in the first place
in theoretical studies there are limit theorems. By
"small sample" we mean a sample, which can not be
applied to conclusions based on the limit theorems.
In each statistical problem there is a need to divide
the final sample sizes into two classes - those for
which you can apply the limit theorems, and those
for which you can not do it because of the risk of
incorrect conclusions. To solve this problem we
often used the Monte Carlo method. More complex
problems arise when studying the effect on the
properties of statistical procedures for data analysis
of various deviations from the original assumptions.
To study such impact, we often used the Monte
Carlo method as well. The basic (and not solved in a
general way) problem of the study of the stability of
the findings in the presence of deviations from the
parametric families of distributions is the problem of
choosing some distributions for using in modeling.
We consider some examples of application of the
Monte Carlo method, relating to the activities of our
research team. We have also formulated basic
unsolved problems
In the statistical hypothesis testing, critical values
often point to a priori fixed (nominal) significance
levels. As such, typically researcher uses the values
of three numbers 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, to which may be
added a few levels: 0.001, 0.005, 0.02, and others.
However, for the statistics with discrete distribution
functions, which, in particular, include all
nonparametric statistical tests, the real significance
levels may be different from the nominal, differ at
times. Under the real significance level we refer to
the highest possible significance level of discrete
statistics, not exceeding a given nominal
significance level (ie, the transition to the next
highest possible value corresponding discrete
statistical significance level is greater than a
predetermined nominal). In the article, we have
discussed the difference between nominal and real
significance levels on the example of nonparametric
tests for the homogeneity of two independent
samples. We have also studied two-sample
Wilcoxon test, the criterion of van der Waerden,
Smirnov two-sample two-sided test, sign test, runs
test (Wolfowitz) and calculated the real significance
levels of the criteria for nominal significance level
of 0.05. The study of the power of these statistical
tests is accomplished by means of Monte Carlo
method. The main conclusion: the use of nominal
significance levels instead of real significance levels
for discrete statistics is inadmissible for small
sample sizes
The main objective of this article is to solve a
problem of a numerical identification of cyclones
based on the reanalysis data. The results show that
the amount of cyclones is increasing during last 66
years, the number and depth of cyclones are larger in
Northern Hemisphere than in Southern, and Northern
Hemisphere cyclones become deeper and deeper with
time. Cyclonic activity in the Northern Hemisphere
mainly is caused by large number of cyclones, in the
Southern Hemisphere – by their depth. In the
Northern Hemisphere cyclone characteristics change
significantly
In practice, we often encounter the problem of
determining a system state based on results of various
measurements. Measurements are usually
accompanied by random errors; therefore, we should
not talk about the definition of the system state but its
estimation through stochastic processing of
measurement results. In the monograph by E. A.
Semenchina and M. Z. Laipanova [1] it was
investigated for one-step filtering of the measurement
errors of the vector of demand in balance model of
Leontiev, as well as multistage optimal filtering of
measurement errors of the vector of demand. In this
article, we have delivered and investigated the inverse
problem for the optimal one-step and multi-step
filtering of the measurement errors of the vector of
demand. For its solution, the authors propose the
method of conditional optimization and using given
and known disturbance to determine (estimate) the
matrix elements for one-step filtering of measurement
errors and for multi-stage filtration: for given variables
and known disturbance to determine the elements of
the matrix. The solution of the inverse problem is
reduced to the solution of constrained optimization
problems, which is easily determined using in MS
Excel. The results of the research have been outlined
in this article, they are of considerable interest in
applied researches. The article also formulated and the
proposed method of solution of inverse in a dynamic
Leontiev model
Micro and nanofluidics are the new multidisciplinary
sciences. One of the tasks of which is creation and
management of flow of fluid in the thin channels size
of a few nano- or micrometer which exposed the
external electric field, where the walls are the ion
exchange membrane. Electroosmosis
(electroconvection) plays an important role in these
tasks. A large number of articless were devoted to
electroosmosis. One of the first, Dukhin S.S.,
Mishchuk N.A. and Rubinstein I. gave a theoretical
explanation of the overlimiting current by
electroosmosis. They used two-dimensional Stokes
equation to calculate the flow of the electrolyte, and
one-dimensional equations of Nernst-Planck and
Poisson to calculate the electric power. These
researches have multiple limitations because of the
computational complexity the mathematical
simulation. Thus, there is an actual problem of the
asymptotic solution of boundary value problems for
the two-dimensional systems of equations of NernstPlanck
and Poisson without these restrictions. These
researches we derived in simplified models of
electroosmosis in galvanic dynamical mode using the
decomposition method. We have created a hierarchical
system of two-dimensional mathematical models of
ion transport of salt and electroosmosis in micro- and
nanochannels formed by selective ion-exchange
membranes
The article by continues the cycle of their studies
related to the formulation and development of
methods of constructing non-negative solutions of
inverse problems of balance models (in this case,
the model of world trade). Method of constructing
nonnegative solutions of the studied inverse
problems is developed. This technique is based on
the following scheme of the solution. Initially we
convinced of a correct formulation of the direct
problem, then of the solvability of the inverse.
Further, by specified tabular solutions of the direct
problem, a system of algebraic equations
containing the unknown, the estimated parameters
of the studied model is built. Then the inverse
problem reduces to solving the following quadratic
programming, the solution of which is determined
in MS Excel. The theoretical material is
accompanied by solution of specific example,
using statistical data of the Karachay-Cherkess
Republic that shows how actually in practice it is
possible to solve the inverse problem, i.e. to
organize a process of balanced trade of the
Karachay-Cherkess Republic with each of the
subjects of Noth – Caucasion Federal District.
Found the non-negative elements of a matrix, by
which we can judge what proportion of national
income, y, the subject has to spend on the purchase
of goods in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, to
trade between this pair was balanced. So, the
inverse problem posed in relation to the trading
countries, it is possible to put and solve the
following method and to trade between the
subjects of one country
The article presents the theory of the electromagnetic
type of rocket motor. The apparatus consists of a
magnetron and a conical cavity in which
electromagnetic oscillations are excited. We explain
the mechanism of trust in such a device based on
Maxwell's theory and the Abraham force. We built a
dynamic model of the motor and calculated the
optimal parameters. It is shown, that the laws of
conservation of momentum and energy for the rocket
motor of electromagnetic type are true, taking into
account the gravitational field. In simulation, the
movement used the theory of relativity. The source of
the motion in an electromagnetic drive is the mass
conversion in various kinds of radiation. The
optimization of the operating parameters of the device
is done, namely by the excitation frequency, the
magnitude of heat losses of electromagnetic energy
by thermal radiation in the IR spectrum, the
parameters of heat transfer and forced from the
temperature dependence of the resistance of the
material of the cavity walls. It was found that the
effective conversion of electromagnetic energy in the
trust force necessary to minimize the deviation of the
excitation frequency of the primary resonance
frequency of the cavity. The mechanism of formation
of trust under change the metrics of space-time,
taking into account the contribution of the Yang-Mills
theory and electromagnetic field tensor of energymomentum
has been proposed
The article discusses the application of automated system-cognitive
analysis (ASC-analysis), its mathematical
model which is system theory of information and
its software tool, which is intellectual system called
"Eidos" for solving problems related to identification
of types and models of aircraft by their silhouettes on
the ground, to be more precise, their external contours:
1) digitization of scanned images of aircraft and creation
of their mathematical models; 2) formation of
mathematical models of specific aircraft with the use
of the information theory; 3) modeling of the generalized
images of various aircraft types and models and
their graphic visualization; 4) comparing an image of a
particular plane with generalized images of various
aircraft types and models, and quantifying the degree
of similarities and differences between them, i.e., the
identification of the type and model of airplane by its
silhouette (contour) on the ground; 5) quantification of
the similarities and differences of the generalized images
of the planes with each other, i.e., clusterconstructive
analysis of generalized images of various
aircraft types and models. The article gives a new approach
to digitizing images of aircraft, based on the
use of the polar coordinate system, the center of gravity
of the image and its external contour. Before digitizing
images, we may use their transformation, standardizing
the position of the images, their sizes (resolution,
distance) and the angle of rotation (angle) in three dimensions.
Therefore, the results of digitization and
ASC-analysis of the images can be invariant (independent)
relative to their position, dimensions and
turns. The shape of the contour of a particular aircraft
is considered as a noise information on the type and
model of aircraft, including information about the true
shape of the aircraft type and its model (clean signal)
and noise, which distort the real shape, due to noise
influences, both of the means of countering detection
and identification, and environment. Software tool of
ASC-analysis, i.e. Eidos intellectual system, provides
identification of the type and the model of airplane by
its silhouette, as it was shown in a simplified numerical
example
The question of construction of electrodynamics in the
framework of the metric theory of gravitation is
discussed. It is shown that the energy-momentum tensor
of the electromagnetic field creates a space in which
Faraday's law of induction is true. In such a space the
scalar curvature vanishes identically, although space
contains matter in the form of an electromagnetic field. It
is proposed to call such space Faraday's magnetic
universe as historically Faraday first established
experimentally that "empty space is a magnet." We
consider the metric of the expanding universe and
metrics that describe the local gravitational field in the
Newtonian theory. It was established that the field
equations in spaces containing matter only in the form of
an electromagnetic field in these metrics are reduced to
hyperbolic equations describing the propagation of
waves at the speed of light. However, in the field
containing matter, the field equations are the equations
of parabolic type, which describe diffusion or probability
waves of Schrödinger quantum theory type. It is assumed
that the potentials of the two metrics are connected, as
with the potentials of the electromagnetic field, and the
potentials of the Yang-Mills theory. Hence, the total
output for all interactions law establishing the primacy of
the gravitational field as the fundamental interaction,
generating other interactions
The article presents a technique of short-term
forecasting of water level in the river bed of a
mountain type using Markov’s chains
The article presents a technique of short-term
forecasting of water level in the river bed of a
mountain type using Markov’s chains
Physical Sciences and Engineering
The article discusses results of experimental research
of the influence of aprotic and proton solvents on reaction
rate of water molecules dissociation in the bipolar
membrane MB-1 by the method of electrochemical
impedance frequency spectrum. It was discovered, that
addition of organic component in aqueous solutions results
in significant influence on the parameters of water
dissociation in a bipolar region of the membrane.
The reason for this influence is the reduction of the
mass fraction of water in solution and, consequently,
in a bipolar region of the membrane, which itself reduces
the rate of the dissociation reaction. Another
reason for the influence of the organic solvent is its effect
on the network of hydrogen bonds existing in water
and aqueous solutions. Depending on the nature of
organic solvent and its concentration, the network of
hydrogen bonds may be strengthened, or destroyed,
thus facilitating removal of the proton involved in the
reactions between water molecules and catalytic centers
in cation-exchange and anion-exchange layer of
bipolar membrane, or retarding removal of proton.
This leads respectively to speed up or slow down the
rate of dissociation in the bipolar region of the membrane,
as well as changing the constants of the dissociation
reaction of water. Introduction of organic solvent
in solutions, which are in the contact with bipolar
membrane, is a convenient method of investigating the
role of solution composition on the rate of proton
transfer between water molecules and catalytic centers
in the membranes
The results of study of bipolar membrane – analogue
of MB-2, modified with chemically introduced chromium
(III), iron (III) and nickel (II) hydroxides by the
method of frequency spectrum of electrochemical impedance,
by infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron
microscopy in combination with X-ray spectrum
analysis are presented. It is shown, that sequential
treatment of cation-exchanger, contained in cationexchange
membrane, with metal salt solution and alkali
solution does not result in formation of complex
compounds of these metals with ionic groups of ion
exchanger. It was found that in these conditions the
presence of heavy metals in the phase of cationexchanger
confirmed by X-ray analysis, however,
crystals of hydroxides of heavy metals are not detected
in the size range of 1000 nm to 20 nm. These heavy
metal compounds are thermally unstable and their
catalytic activity in the reaction of dissociation of water
molecules decreases with increasing temperature
during heat treatment. The introduction of low-soluble
hydroxides of d-metals (chromium (III), iron (III),
nickel(II)) by chemical method can significantly improve
the electrochemical characteristics of a bipolar
membrane. The most effective catalysts in water dissociation
reaction are the hydroxides of chromium (III)
and iron (III) and, as a consequence, membranes with
these hydroxides have a lower value of overpotential
compared with original membrane at the same current
density
A number of thermoreactive oligomers was obtained
via the Michael interaction of molar excesses of
hexamethylene-bis-maleimide with 5,5’-bisbenzotriazoles
in melt. The structure of them was
proved by the 13C spectroscopy method. The one-step
synthesis in melt, without by-products evolution, in
absence of organic solvents, additional reagents, and
catalysts is the more acceptable in point of view of
technology (a finished reaction product does not
require any purification). The process itself is the
nucleophile addition across double bond, and so it can
be attributed to the atom-saving technologies.
According to data of the dynamic scanning calorimetry
(DSC) and the thermogravimetry (TG), oligomers fuse
at 130.8–135.6 °С, cross-link at 185–250 °С, and begin
their thermal destruction in air at temperatures of 400–
420 °С. The tensile strength at shear of the glued joints
on base of oligomers (steel plates overlapped) is 14.2–
23.7 MPa (142–237 kgf/cm2
). The positive effect from
the introduce of 5,5’-bis-benzotriazolyl fragments into
structure of bismaleimide thermoreactive oligomers on
strength of the glued joints between metal plates was
revealed
Life Sciences
The article presents the results of the research carried
out in 2007-2014. The aim of the study was the
composition of the microflora of the leaf surface of
some plants of the family Grossulariaceae. Based on
these data, the authors distinguish the typical
representatives of the leaf surface microflora. The
authors study the features of isolated strains
interactions
The article presents the results of studying the
growth-stimulating activity of the microorganisms of
the genus Bacillus of leaf surface microflora arboreal
plants in Stavropol. Isolated and identified strains of
epiphytic microorganisms of the genus Bacillus with
the leaf surface of plants: Quercus robur L., Carpinus
caucasica Grossh., Fraxinus excelsior L., Acer
campestre L.. Growth stimulating properties of 43
strains of aerobic spore-forming bacteria (Bacillus
subtilis, Bac. megaterium, Bac. pumilis, Bac. cereus,
Bac. Licheniformis) are researched. Selected strains
are potentially promising in the development of
microbial preparations for plants. A regional
collection of strains of epiphytic organisms was
formed
The authors propose to consider alien invasive species
as new bioresources. These plants form powerful
(usually single-species) thickets in the secondary range
and their size are larger than at the native cenosis. The
territory occupied by invasive species, especially in
disturbed habitats, is quite high, so their possible yield
is very high. The main problem of using alien species
in the pharmacological purposes is the lack of
information about the dynamics of the chemicals
accumulation. Available data on the biochemistry in its
natural habitat is inadaptable for the same taxon in the
secondary range because of significant
microevolutionary changes. In this work we present
the results of phytochemical screening four legume
species, formed invasive populations in the Middle
Russia - Galega orientalis Lam., Lupinus polyphyllus
Lindl., Robinia pseudoacacia L. & Caragana
arborescens Lam. Information about these species as
traditional medicine plants is given. Original data on
the concentration phenolic compounds and biophile
silicon in leaves and inflorescences are presented.
Information on the fractional composition of the
flavonoid complex is done. Taking into consideration
the high adaptability of invasive species, the chemical
analysis of the samples from different ecotypes was
made. It is shown that accumulation of bioactive
agents & biophile silicon isn’t depended on the
environmental conditions. Concentrations of
polyphenolic compounds were at the average level in
comparison with medicinal plants. Thus, the
combination of flavonoid complex with biophile
silicon provides pharmacological significance of
studied species, and justifies the needing the further study of invasive plant species in order to create new
herbal medicines
The flora of Yakutia is rich in medicinal plants. Many
of these plants are not still studied totally. The species
Rhodiola (Crassulaceae) is one of the most popular
family which are widely used by the local population
for therapeutic purposes. Medicals use the rhizome and
roots of Rhodiola rosea as a source of medicinal raw
materials. This means the removal and destruction of
plants. The procurement should be carried out solely
on the basis of plants grown in culture because of the
rarity and few natural reserves of the species. R. rosea
L. passes a full cycle of the sprouts, blossoming and
bearing fruits during the introduction in the conditions
of Central Yakutia. The weather conditions of the year
influence on the rate of development and growth
processes very strong. The experiments determination
of the germination of local reproductions were
negative. The sprouts grow very good. In this case, it is
good possibility of intense vegetative reproduction of
Rhodiola. The evaluation of stability of introduction
may be attributed to the kind of group stability. The
great potential and adaptive capacity of R. rosea
significantly enhances the possibility of growing this
species under conditions of the Central Yakutia. It is
recommended to improve and elaborate of protection
of natural populations and unique plant communities
The article deals with the topical issues of ornamental
woody plants used in street landscaping of Sochi
Central district. It presents the quantitative
composition of these species, numbering 12181
specimens. With the scale, modified for the regional
conditions, we carried out an analysis of the studied
plantations and their state, which revealed that
weakened plants were predominant - 72.48%. Healthy
plants make up over 20%. The lowest number of the
specimen was recorded among the dead plants
(0,26%). The analysis was carried out for all species
according to the state categories. For instance,
structure-forming species selected for further studies,
were analyzed this way, including a large part of plants
that belong to the second category of state (89,04%).
Healthy plants are less than 8% from the total number
of dominant species. The number of dead plants makes
up 0,35%
The article represents the results of the experiment on
biohumate «Vermistar» (which was obtained by vermiculturing)
and its effects on mycological soil composition.
Humic preparations are interesting in the way
of detoxication of soil. When humic compounds are
active, herbicides and pesticide decompose faster and
concentrations of heavy metals are lowered. Adding
humic fertilizers affect the physical properties of water-Soil:
increases capillary and light soil field capacity
(an average of 20-30%) and heavy water permeability,
improves the structure and its water stability, reduced
soil density. It was noted, that low doses of humic fertilizer
contributes to water-stable aggregates, and high
- change the ratio of the structural units in favor of
agronomically valuable fractions. This, in turn, is accompanied
by changes in the humus state, and biological
characteristics of the soil. Moreover, increased
microbial activity was observed in the first year of
application of fertilizers and as an aftereffect. The
maximum total number of microorganisms established
in the initial phases of plant development. The increase
in the number of microorganisms is enhanced and the
enzymatic activity of the soil which in turn increases
the mobility of soil nutrients
A priority direction at the present stage of vegetable
growing development is to obtain high-quality,
environmentally friendly production on the basis of
development and introduction of new technologies of
cultivation. At the same time, it is compulsory to
emphasize the importance of expanding the range of
crops which can vary nutrition of population. Currently
promising direction is search of new high-efficient and
environmentally friendly methods of plant protection.
Biological methods of effect on the plant body acquire
great significance. One of such methods is using grafts.
In a light of new changed conditions, the research on
grafted plants was not conducted in our country
The article presents the materials of the study of the
features of cultivation of Lactobacillus sp. on
different culture medium. We have made a
comparison of standard culture medium for
cultivation Lactobacillus sp. and determined the
most optimal culture medium
We have presented materials about nutrient media
for growing and industrial the cultivation of
Propionibacterium shermanii: Trypticase Yeast
Extract Glucose Medium, the culture medium
Ellinger and ATCC Medium 33. We have studied pH
change and its impact on the biomass accumulation
of propionic acid microorganisms. We have also
defined the best time of cultivation
The article presents the results of three years of
researches conducted at the Department of Viticulture
of Kuban State Agrarian University, to study the
processes of shoots and rooting of the three-bud
cuttings of grapes of Pervenets Magaracha, Podarok
Magaracha and Cytrony Magaracha of the selection of
Magarach Institute of Grape and Wine. The area of
these varieties, which are inter-specific hybrids, in the
Krasnodar region is more than 2 thousands hectares.
The cuttings were rooted in sawdust in a greenhouse
on a heated rack. It was found, that the regenerative
capacity of cuttings was strongly dependent on the
method of their storage prior to installation on the
germination. The best results were obtained in the case
when cuttings had been stored in the refrigerator
before starting the experiment. The lowest impact of
the way to store cuttings was on the percentage of
cuttings with blossoming eyes, and the largest - the
length of the shoots, the output of the cuttings with at
least 3 of the roots, and the average number of roots
developed on one cutting. Rooting of cuttings and
their growth with three and more roots were different
over the years for the varieties of Pervenets
Magaracha and Cytrony Magaracha, in favor of one
sort or another, but the average 3-year difference
between varieties was not significant. On average, in
two or three years, the maximum number of roots
appeared in the variety of Cytrony Magaracha, which
was a bit ahead of Pervenets Magaracha. The
difference in the number of cuttings formed at the
roots was authentic. Correlation analysis showed that
the closest relationship to the performance of the
rooting ability of cuttings was found in the length of
the shoots. The level and the nature of the identified
correlations suggests that the rooting ability of the
cuttings of the varieties of Pervenets Magaracha was
determined primarily by hormonal activity, Podarok Magaracha by its supply of plastic substances, and
Cytrony Magaracha had equally both factors
The article presents the results of three years of studies
on regenerative processes in technical white one-bud
cuttings of resistant varieties of grapes Bianca, Viorica
and Riton. The studies were conducted in greenhouse
experiments at the Department of Viticulture of Kuban
State Agrarian University. It was found, that the
cuttings of Viorica varieties had achieved the best
ripening, and the worst was Bianca. Varieties of
Viorica and Ryton which have rather good level of
ripening of the cuttings, had starch in carbohydrates
and Bianca variety had sugar. Earlier blooming of
buds characterized the cuttings of Ryton. Blooming of
the buds of Bianca somewhat delayed. Maximum
length of the shoots characterized the cuttings of
Bianca, and the lowest – Viorica. The shortest pre-root
period (26.3 days) was observed in Ryton, and the
longest (29.3 days) – in Bianca. Viorica was
characterized by the highest yield of cuttings with 3
roots and more (81.3%), this indicator was a bit less
(72.5%) for Ryton. For Bianca it was minimal and it
was 26.3%. A similar pattern was observed for the
average number of cuttings formed at the roots: the
variety Viorica - 9.4 pc.,Ryton - 8.1 pc. and Bianca -
4.3 pc. Thus, cuttings of the varieties of Viorica and
Ryton belong to a group with a very high root growing
activity and Bianca has an average activity
The article presents the results of studies on the effect
of processing varieties of grape cuttings of Pervenets
Magaracha using alternating electromagnetic field on
their regenerative skills. Processing the cuttings with
alternating electromagnetic field was carried out using
an induction coil for 5,10,15 and 20 min. As a control
option, the cuttings were soaked in water, as a
standard option – the cuttings were soaked for 24
hours in a 0.01% solution of IAA. Rooting was
performed in vessels with water at optimum
temperature conditions. It was found, that the use of
IAA for the first time led to the inhibition of blooming
buds. EMF treatment of cuttings with each exposure
has a stimulating effect on this indicator. Application
of EMF exposures in the 5 to 15 minutes resulted in a
significant increase in the length of shoots, compared
to the control variant and the option to IAA.
Processing cuttings with EMF exposures at 5,15 and
20 minutes resulted in a significant increase in rooting
compared with the control. Maximum rooting was
obtained at an exposure of 15 minutes. It was the same
as in the version with a standard rooting stimulant -
IAA. However, the highest yield of cuttings with 3
roots and ended up in a version with a 20-minute
exposure. Maximum number was noted on the heel of
the roots cuttings option with IAA. Treatment of
cuttings with EMF exposure 5, 10 and 20 minutes, has
also led to a significant increasing of this indicator,
respectively, 45.5; 22.7 and 79.5%. The maximum
increase in the number of roots was obtained in the
variant with exposure 20 minutes. Thus, this option
should be considered as the best one
Results of testing of multiplex sets SSR-markers for
genotyping of rice varieties are presented in the article.
Two sets of SSR-markers were formed:
1: RM1+ RM11+ RM70+RM122;
2: RM164+RM167+RM168.
The optimal combination of DNA markers in the
multiplex sets and PCR conditions allowed obtaining
accurate, easily interpretable results when performing
fragment analysis on automated genetic analyzer
ABIprism3130. Using multiplex sets, genotyping was
performed for several varieties of rice: domestic
breeding and one variety – IR36 from the breeding of
IRRI (Manila, Philippines). For all the studied
varieties specific SSR-fingerprints were obtained.
RM 168 marker showed in domestic varieties a low
level of polymorphism - one allele of 97 bp. However,
at the same time, the variety IR-36, showed a second
type of allele 107 bp. In addition, the loci of RM1,
RM11, RM167 and RM164 have unique alleles in this
variety. It is consistent with significant genetic
differences of these varieties and the rest of the
varieties in studied sample. The proposed SSR
multiplexes are promising for use in DNA certification
of rice varieties and assessment of genetic diversity
In this article, we discuss the results of the research of
quality characteristics of Russian and foreign rice
varieties. Possibility of using data in characterizing
germplasm from collection is discussed
Physical Sciences and Engineering
The goal of the study is to research a noise-immunity
of pseudo-noise sequence acquisition method for
multicarrier communication systems MC-CDMA,
using a segment of the pseudo-noise sequence. The
goal was achieved by running a simulation developed
in MATLAB. By analyzing the results, we can show
that the developed mathematical model produces the
lower bound for pseudo-noise sequence acquisition
probability. The resulting analytical estimations might
be used during the design phrase for pseudo-noise
sequence acquisition systems for MC-CDMA based
military communication networks
The current state of the industry and high level of development
of technologies dictates the requirements to
various electromechanical converters of energy and
electric drives. Constantly there are new requirements
to these types of devices and their characteristics that
lead to creation of more and more difficult devices of
the electric drive and control systems which example is
cascade systems of electric drives. This type of drives
solves part of problems of the modern industry. However,
creation of such devices requires development of
new approaches to design and creation of cascade systems
of the electric drive and its components where one
of the most complex challenges is determination of
parameters of electromagnetic system. In the article, a
new approach is given, in finding electromagnetic parameters
of components of the operated cascade asynchronous
electric drive, proceeding from the applied
types of the electric windings distributed in space. This
approach is realized at creation of the program complex,
which is part of system of automatic design
The article considers development of expert system
based on semantic networks for diagnosis
malfunctions of the diesel power stations engines. The
method allows developing expert systems via objectoriented
programming language. The expert system
allows to identify the problem without involving
additional staff: at the start and overheats of the
engine, when there is low power, with decreasing
pressure etc
The article considers questions of the information
system of choice of development tools of automated
systems based on fuzzy logic model. The technique
allows us to develop information systems in an objectoriented
programming language. Information system
allows selecting the most effective tool without
additional researches
To increase the productivity of the cattle it is demanded
simultaneous distribution of all types of
animal feed in the form of balanced feed mixture
with a given nutritional value. Balanced feeding of
animals can improve their productivity, reduce feed
wastage, and include alternative components of
feed mixtures in their diets, which have nourishing
properties and high digestibility; make and adjust
feeding rations. Researches conducted by Russian
and foreign scientists, proved the prospects of full
feeding of complete feed mixtures, which allow to
increase the productivity of animals to 9-30 % and
reduce the feed consumption in the calculation of 1
с of milk by 7-8 %. The composition of complete
feed mixtures includes sunflower cake, silage, root
crops and forage. The process of preparation and
distribution of feeds for large horned livestock is
the issue of all the necessary components of the
feed mixture with a given nutritional value. Saturation
of the feed product with extra energy goes during
its interaction with the working bodies of technical
means for preparation and distribution
(TMPD) of different types of food. For preparation
and distribution of components of the feed mixture
it is necessary to have following facilities, provided
with reducing energy intensity and improving the
qualitative indicators of processes: for grinding beet
fodder and sunflower cake we need disk shredders;
for shredding silage and roughage – bearnie and
rotor shredders, respectively; for dispensing of beet
fodder and sunflower cake – belt conveyor, for dispensing
silage and roughage we use disc and drum
dispensers, respectively; for mixing sunflower cake
- rotary mixers, and for silage, beet fodder and for-age we may use paddle mixers; for distribution of
sunflower cake we use rotary feeders, for silage and
beet fodder – bin distributors, and for coarse feed
we should use conveyor dispensers
Control of the movement and positioning are the most
intensive tasks of automatic control and regulation.
However, these problems must be solved in the automation
objects such as assembly and production lines,
manufacturing machines, conveyors, hoisting machines,
packaging machines, filling lines for liquids,
metal-working machines. One problem lies in the fact
that all the real drives are connected to the actuators
with not perfectly tough shafting, but has some elasticity.
This leads to the difficulty of motion of the executive
body of the drive automatic control systems
which consists of signal source generating signal due
optimum speed diagrams for medium movements of
electric drive’s actuating device and automatic regulation
system, which allows to work out optimum speed
diagrams for medium movements of electric drive’s
actuating device with ultra-precision. In this article
were developed optimum speed diagram for medium
movements of ultra-precise electric drive with elastic
shafting. Were identified all parameters of diagrams
and its range of existence. Also developed device for
generating the optimum speed diagram for medium
movements of ultra-precise electric drive with elastic
shafting. Implementation of the proposed hardware
software complex will significantly improve the accuracy
of motion actuators of various ultra- precise DC
drives
The article presents a theoretical substantiation of the
necessity of carrying out reengineering of management
system in the organization. The cycle of management
is considered and the description of stages of the given
cycle is resulted. Value to proper statement of
objectives is in detail considered and the procedure of
construction of a tree of objectives and functions of
object of research is described. Internal and external
possible processes of object of research are studied.
Influence of operating influence on business-processes
of object of research is shown. The interrelation of
business-processes and organizational structure of
object of research is considered. Importance of
modeling and an assessment of organizational
structure and business-processes and their subsequent
reengineering is shown. Such criteria of diagnostics of
the organization as capacity of the organization to be
trained are considered, strengthening the position in
the market, flexibility of strategy and capacity of the
organization to support and increase the strategic
potential. The concept of architecture of the enterprise
has been shown. It is certain, that the organizational
structure and business-architecture are domains of
architecture of the enterprise. Influence of managerial
process on architecture of the enterprise is considered
To protect your data (data integrity) in the automated
systems, we provide a solution of the problem, which
is to reduce redundancy control of information (hash
codes, electronic signatures). We impose restrictions
on the maximum number of violations of the integrity
of the records in the data block. It is known, that with
an increase in data protection the amount of control
information (coefficient of redundancy) also increases.
We introduce the concept of linear systems of hash
codes (LSHC). On the basis of the mathematical
apparatus of the theory of systems of vectors we have
developed an algorithm for constructing LSHC, which
allows (for a given level of data protection, i.e.
integrity) to reduce the redundancy of the control
information. Rules (principles) of building LSHC
comply with the rules of construction in coding theory
(Hamming codes). The article provides an algorithm
for data integrity in LSHC. The use of algorithms
ensures the necessary level of data protection and the
requirements specification of customers
The article discusses different types of drive axles of
all-wheel drive machine. It is shown that if blocked
drive of driving axle easy, it is able to provide the best
traction drive qualities of the all-wheel car, if compensation
of kinematic mismatch in movement of front
and rear wheels. The article provides analysis of the
causes of kinematic mismatch and its consequences.
The analysis was given for the existing methods to
reduce negative influence of kinematic discrepancy on
the work of the four-wheel drive wheeled machine in
locked mode. The method of reduction of kinematic
mismatch by regulations of the air pressure in the tires
of the wheels with one-time control of the leading
moments on the axes was suggested. We show the
relationship between the difference of kinematic radii
of the wheels of different axles and the difference of
the moments leading to them. The algorithm and description
for the system of automatic control of air
pressure in the tire, which realizes the proposed method,
were presented. We have described experimental
methods of determining the energy losses evaluation
from kinematic mismatch when moving all-wheel
drive machine. The article presents the results of the
this assessment in relation to the agricultural wheel
tractor of class 5 moving at different substructures
It is known, that today, the one of the promising
areas to effectively address issues of energy saving
is applying renewable energy sources. Despite the
fact that the current solar PV stations have the main
drawback associated with the high cost, the prospects
of their application in autonomous systems
of electrosupply are evident when they are used in
combined (hybrid) systems. In such systems, other
types of renewable and traditional sources of electricity,
which, in addition, produce heat, might be
used as well. We have disclosed the prospects of
the solar industry; also, for solar energy assessment
we examined analytical expressions allowing defining
the energy derived from solar radiation for specific
surfaces. The calculations start with obtaining
statistical data obtained at meteorological stations
which keeps records of the intensity of the total
(direct plus diffuse) radiation on a horizontal surface,
and the intensity of direct solar radiation. The
article presents features of the calculation taking
into account the climatic and territorial conditions,
on the example of the Krasnodar region. Considered
calculation procedure is the first stage of designing
solar power plants. Further, we determine
the total capacity of electricity consumers, as well
as the quality requirements for electricity, including
continuity of supply, and then we get to the construction
of the block diagram of the electricity
supply. In this scheme, we must provide primary
and backup power sources. We select the main
equipment of solar power plant (solar panels, inverters
and storage batteries)
The article considers the main types of wind and
solar electric installations, and provides a
comparative analysis of the renewable energy
potential of the Krasnodar region. Currently,
humankind cannot live without electricity.
Production and consumption of electricity is
constantly increasing and the cost of it is constantly
becoming more expensive. The cost of oil
production (to get oil out of the ground) increases.
The cost of electricity is going up because the cost
of basic materials such as copper is at an
unprecedented high. Such alternatives energy
sources such as solar and wind are real solutions to
these problems, moreover, the cost of "traditional"
energy sources will only increase. To date, the most
popular and invest renewable energy sources are
the solar energy and the wind. The solar energy in
the Krasnodar region is more profitable than wind,
despite the fact that the production of solar
installations is more expensive. But every year, the
price of solar energy is being reduced and soon will
be equal to the price of wind energy, and science
and technology do not stand still, and considering
the abundance of sunlight in the Krasnodar region,
the solar installation will pay off much faster
In the article, the general concepts and the maintenance
of total, technical and economic resource of solar power
are revealed. The advantages of solar power in comparison
with other kinds of energy are resulted. We have
shown, that currently the method of direct photoelectric
transformation is one of priority directions of
reception of solar electric power in the world. It is because
it provides the maximal ecological cleanliness of
transformation, an opportunity of reception of energy
practically in any area, significant service life and small
expenses for service. The structure and features of work
of solar photo-electric installations were listed as well.
The schemes of using photo cells and their voltage and
amperes characteristics, lacks of solar photo-electric
stations are resulted, basic of which are: high cost of
photo-electric converters and presence of accumulators,
and we have also offered recommendations on their
effective use. The basic analytical expressions for definition
of economic efficiency of solar photo-electric
stations are resulted. The considered features of the
work, the basic characteristics and the parameters of
solar photo-electric stations which will allow to increase
the efficiency of predesign works on development of
the combined (hybrid) stations, generating electric and
thermal energy, received from solar radiation
The article presents the design study for construction
of a drainage system on the territory of gardening
association «Zarya» in the region of Gukovo in
Krasnosulinsky district of Rostov region.
Construction of a drainage system is a prerequisite
for reducing the groundwater level caused by the
infiltration of the drainage complex mine called
Burgustinskaya. The results of the calculations
determined the value of the total infiltration
groundwater feeding; inflow rate to each of the 6
drains per unit length, water flow ability of a
horizontal pipe drainage, as well as a diameter of
drainage pipes
The goal of the study is to analyze the existing
quantum distribution systems, their probable
applications, as well as the issues with their practical
implementation
Material and technical resources form a large part of the
costs in agricultural production and determine the level
of intensity of agriculture, productivity and
competitiveness of the industry. The most important
role in agricultural production is played by transport
operation, from productivity and quality of which
directly depends the volume and the grade of final
products. More preferable is tractor transport,
particularly for on-farm transport, taking into account
the impact of navigation systems on the ground.
Continuous growth in the saturation of tractors carried
out around the world, improves the performance of
tractor transport aggregate by increasing their capacity and speed, either on the road or in the field. However, if
you increase the saturation of tractors, it encounters
problems related to the deterioration of the
controllability of the tractor and transport unit. The
reduced controllability leads to an increase of damage to
transported agricultural products owing to increased
oscillatory processes in the system of "road – trailer –
tractor – operator" when driving on-farm trails,
deteriorating the smoothness and braking properties.
Especially sharp these questions relate to transportation
of easy-to-damage agricultural products at farm
transportation. The feature of data traffic lies in the
sharp drop in grade products (products receive
numerous mechanical damages, deteriorating its quality,
and lose marketability and accordingly reduced its cost).
Influence on fruit and vegetable products of unfavorable
factors can lead not only to a dramatic loss of quality at
the time of transportation, but also reduce the resistance
during further storage. To solve the problems emerging
when increasing the saturation of tractors, we have
proposed devices, allowing reducing negative impact on
the production of elevated oscillatory processes, to
increase the permeability and straightness of movement
of tractor-transport unit
Potato is cultivated in 130 countries on an area of over
18 million hectares; it annually gives more than 300
million tons of tubers. The share of the Russian
Federation accounts is about 11% ... 14% of total
production. The resulting potatoes consumed in food, animal feed, technical purposes, seed fund. According
to the Ministry of agriculture of Russia, the largest
number of potatoes in our country (89 %) is produced in
peasant farms and personal farms of citizens, the area of
cultivation of which make up about 2.7 million hectares.
At such farms for the harvest, they use mainly potatodiggers,
followed by selection of crops manually. The
use of diggers in small areas of planting is more costefficiently
in relation to the harvesting combine. In
addition, the parameters requested for ATT to damage
potatoes when harvesting with the diggers (3%) are
higher than during harvesting by combine harvester
(5%). As practice shows, for the use of cleaning units,
even under optimal harvesting conditions in the hopper
of the combine, there are soil and vegetable impurities.
There are many different devices intended to localize
the problem. Based on the foregoing, we can conclude
that it is necessary to pay considerable attention to the
quality of work of excavating working bodies, because
it affects the productivity of the functioning of the
whole machine. Currently, there are widespread potato
aggregates with the receiving part, equipped with side
disks, spaced along the edges of the plowshares. The
disks cut off the raised layer of soil from between the
rows. This entails improving the performance of the
potato harvester. The most efficient and economical
from the point of view of energy consumption, is the
work of passive disks with hooks. The quality of potato
harvesters depends on the design and performance of
excavating bodies. The proposed design solution for an
excavating body increases the productivity of harvesting
machines
In this article we consider the method of hydraulic
calculation of dead-end channels with the numerical
solutions of differential equations of motion of water.
Dead-end channels are of interest for carrying out
simulation studies, because they may be used for the
simulation of water accounting and water distribution
in the domestic inter-farm network. In order to
improve management of water supply to consumers in
the water distribution sites, in many irrigation systems
there is an additional capacity in the form of a
regulation pool. The applied method of active control
of light distribution is expected to use the existing
capacity of irrigation canals with automatic regulators
to block the plants. When there is a complete
disconnection of water consumers, the volumes in
pools of water irrigation channel are redistributed to
provide the command area in the water distribution
nodes at any given time. This result can be achieved by
automatic control of the level changes in individual
pools of the channel in order to redistribute the
volumes to backup pools of individual. Search and
selection of the necessary rule of automatic controls
can achieve the following objectives: to implement
effective processes and management of water supply
regulation in the specified node; maximize the use of
volume tail water channels, preventing the threat of
overflow channels; minimize the loss of irrigation
water discharge
Low level of water accounting and poor control in
water distribution in the irrigation system are the main
negative factors of industrial influence on irrigated
natural complexes. Complex ecosystem way to control
water resources involves qualitative improvement and
optimization of all parts and elements of irrigation
system, from the headwater pool, main channels to
local water distribution channels. In this regard, when
engineering, constructing, using some new and
reconstructed old irrigated systems, the most important
problems are the optimization of water use from
natural water resources, development and use of highly
efficient water-saving and energy-saving technologies
of water distribution and water use in the irrigation
system. The problem of economical and efficient
consumption of water resources on the studied water
complex cannot be solved successfully without any
related consideration of water accounting and water
consumption questions based on system principles.
System principles are supposed to collect, analyze and
use the information, with the help of complex technical
means, which are used for water measurement in
conditions of water charges, and for the purpose to
control the technological processes of water supply
and water drainage, when the needs of water users are
satisfied and the environment get less damage. In the
work, we study the mathematical calculation of the
unsteady water line in the Krasnodar suburban channel
for water measurement. The imitated research of
hydraulic processes were carried out on the
mathematical model of water measurement, based on the characteristic methods, with the use of analytical
solution of ordinary differential equations of the initial
characteristics. The use of the considered method of
water measurement in irrigation channels with the use
of analytical solution of ordinary differential equations
of initial characteristics will allow to optimize the
processes of water measurement and to minimize idle
and non-technological discharges of water from the
system
Life Sciences
The research is aimed at studying the compatibility of
different doses of ecoventura (TU 9283-199-
10514645-13) and limestone in the diets of rearing of
ducks of "Blagovarsky" cross and the impact on
productive performance. As a result of scientific and
economic experience obtained data on the dynamics of
live weight in groups of rearing ducks indicate that
ecomentors in combination with limestone have a
growth promoting effect and a positive effect on the
growth of ducklings. Best growth depending on dose
administration of ecoventura and limestone in feed
composition had a rearing ducks III (ecomentors
(1,0%) + limestone (3,0%) by weight of the feed) and
IV experimental groups (ecomentors (1,0%) +
limestone (3,5%) by weight of the feed). The results of
the study measurements (body length, keel length,
breast width, chest girth, chest depth) and indices
stature (massiveness, the meat content, arizonia),
which were higher in males and females when fed with
mixed fodder with the introduction of ecoventura and
limestone in an amount of 1.0 and 3.5% respectively.
Introduction to feed composition of ecoventura and
limestone in an amount of 1.0 and 3.5%, respectively
had a positive impact on exterior indicators of rearing
ducks
The influence of protective coatings on changes in the
biological characteristics of quality, germination, plant
growth and development of the onion crop quantitative
loss of garlic was investigated for the first time. The
objects of research were winter garlic called Tien Shan
and onion of Allan variety. Water solutions of polyvinyl
alcohol PWS-5, paraffin coating Р, paraffin-cerezin
composition PK-1 were studied as a protective coatings.
Coating onions and chives before planting them
in the ground delay germination, respectively at 1 and
2 weeks. Then, protective coatings act as growth stimulants.
The greatest increase in green mass of garlic for
3 months (almost 2 times) compared to the control (uncoated)
prepared using the hydrophobic coating РK-1.
РK-1 increases the yield of garlic and onions in 1.5
times, and the seeds of onions in 1.3 times. It is recommended
before planting onions to cover onions the
PK-1 in order to prevent his fall germination and receive
further large bulbs weighing 130-131 g. Carbohydrates,
starch, vitamin C, and life-giving moisture
garlic, it is best stored in a РK-1 coated serve after
planting in soil more efficient power plant. As a result,
such plant grows better, develops and gives higher
yields
The article considers one of the types of water erosion
– illuvial process, the redistribution of dispersed
particles in the soil profile due to irrigation. The
proposed description of the process of moving silt
particles in the soil profile is based on the theory of
viscose-plastic continuum motion
The article substantiates a necessity to apply the
method of interspecific hybridization in durum
winter wheat breeding, using the present soft winter
varieties for improvement of frost and drought
tolerance at the beginning of germination; resistance
to snow mold, fusariosis and bacteriosis of
ears and grain. The article presents the results of a
comparative study of different types of crossbreeding
at interspecific and intraspecific hybridization
due to germination, emergence, productivity. It has
been shown that intraspecific hybrids ‘T. durum
оз. х T. durum оз.’, interspecific hybrids ‘T. durum
оз. х Т. аestivum оз’ and ‘Т. аestivum оз. х
T. durum оз.’ possessed the highest germination
and emergence with 71,8/75,3% for direct and
60,4/82,5% for backward, 42,8 and 35,5% and
55,4 and 64,1% respectively. In backward (triplecross)
cross-breeding of F1 interspecific hybrids
with durum winter wheat the grain germination
was down to 37,4 and 36,6%, but the emergence
was up to 64,1 and 69,7% and reached the level of
intraspecific hybrids. According to the elements of
ear (head) productivity (grain mass per head, number
of seeds per head), interspecific double-cross
hybrids of the first and the second generation significantly
conceded to intraspecific hybrids, but
they matched them in a number of spikelets and
grain size. The triple-cross hybrids exceed the
double interspecific hybrids in this respect, but
they concede to double-cross and triple-cross intraspecific
hybrids. We studied the principle of splitting of interspecific hybrids of the second
generation ‘T. durum оз. х Т. аestivum оз.’ and
‘T. durum оз. х T. durum оз.’ (direct and backward)
and the triple-cross hybrids obtained from
cross-breeding of interspecific and intraspecific
double-cross hybrids F1 with durum winter wheat
The organization of animal feeding in the summer and
procurement of fodder for the winter are of great importance.
The sowings of sugar sorghum can become a
reliable and stable source of fodder even in the regions
with insufficient humidity. It is a unique drought tolerant
crop, which can be used as green mass, hay, silage,
grain, mono fodder, briquettes. The article gives the
study results of green mass and absolutely dry substance,
and the assessment of cultivation efficiency of such sugar
sorghum varieties and hybrids grown in FSBSI ‘I.G.
Kalinenko ARRIGC’ as ‘Zernogradsky yantar’, ‘Debyut’,
‘Listvenit’, ‘Zersil F1’, ‘Elisey F1’. The productivity
of green mass and dry substance of the new variety
‘Listvenit’ and the hybrid ‘Elisey’ exceeded the standard
variety on 7,0-5,0 t/ha and 2,30-0,74 t/ha respectively.
The cultivation technologies of sweet sorghum varieties
and hybrids produced the high net energy of 69,6-121,9
GJ/ha with the coefficient of energy efficiency of 3,72-
5,08. As for the energy, the cultivation technology of the
sweet sorghum hybrid ‘Elisey’ can be considered as the
most efficient variant, as it produced the maximum net
energy of 121,9 GJ/ha with the coefficient of energy efficiency
of 5,08
After World War II, in 1946, our country understands
the problem - a terrible drought. To protect themselves
against such disasters in the future, on October 20th
,
1948, by the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the
Central Committee of the Central Committee of the
All-Union Communist Party of the Bolsheviks a
resolution "On the plan of shelterbelts, the introduction
of grass crop rotation, construction of ponds and
reservoirs to ensure high crop yields in the steppe and
forest-steppe regions of the European part of the USSR
" was adopted, later known as the "Great Plan for the
Transformation of Nature". During the years 1950-
1965 it was planned to create the next big state
protective forest strips from Saratov to Astrakhan on
both banks of the Volga River; - in the direction of
cities and towns: Penza - Ekaterinovka - Veshenskaya
- Kamensky, in watersheds of the rivers Khoper and
Medveditsa, Kalitva and Berezovaya; in the direction
of cities Kamyshin - Volgograd, in the watershed of
the rivers Volga and Ilovlya; in the direction of towns
Chapayevsk - Vladimirovka; in the direction of cities
Cherkessk - Elista - Volgograd; - in the direction of the
mountain Vishnevaya, Orenburg, Uralsk and the
Caspian Sea on the banks of the Ural River; in the
direction of cities: Voronezh - Rostov - on - Don; on
both banks of the Don River; on both banks of the
river Seversky Donets from the city of Belgorod to the
Don River. Strips were created in the steppe and forest
steppe areas. It was the first, in the history of
humankind, largest environmental program of impacts
on the climate of the huge territory, designed to protect
permanently fertile agricultural lands from harmful dry
winds, dust storms, lack of moisture and soil erosion.
We have studied the site of the State protective forest
strip "Cherkessk - Elista - Volgograd" located in the
"Kuban forest districts" of the Karachay-Cherkessia
Republic. In this area the analysis of taxation
indicators was made, the dynamics of change in the
stock of plantations connected with age was studied
Based on the analysis of the nature of some
flowering test crosses which have been resulted in
the hybridization with purposely chosen sterile
sources (analyzers), the new self - pollinated lines
of maize have been identified according to the
content of fertility-restorer genes of ‘C’ type of
CMS. Genotype of the line RD 257 -
rf4rf4rf5rf5Ff6Rf6 (class II), genotype of the line RD
245 - rf4 rf4 Rf5 Rf5 rf6 rf6 (class III), genotype of
the line RD 274 - rf4rf4Rf5Rf5Rf6Rf6 (class V),
genotype of the line RD 231 - Rf4Rf4rf5rf5Rf6Rf6
(class VI ) genotype of the line RD 261 -
Rf4Rf4Rf5Rf5Rf6Rf6 (class VII). The identification
of the content of the alleles of fertility - restorer
genes allows forecasting the nature of flowering
hybrid progeny resulted in the hybridization with a
known genotype. We have created a catalog of self
- pollinated lines of maize according to the fertilityrestorer
genes, which consists of 18 lines, which
have been studied in all the years of research. We
have identified the lines belonging to classes I, II,
III, V, VI, VII and VIII. During the transfer of
maize hybrids on a sterile basis the lines of classes I
and VIII are those ones which have been of great
interest. The self - pollinated lines KV 204, SP 286
(class I) are the reliable fixers of «C» type of CMS.
The progeny resulted in the hybridization with any
sterile lines is characterized by complete sterility.
The new self - pollinated lines KV 498, KV 272,
KV 227, SP 357, RD 261 (class VIII) are constant
natural fertility-restorers. They are able to fully
restore fertility in hybridization with any sterile
lines and in any growing conditions
The article contains the experience of the development
of the methodology and the computer program for
calculation of regional and local systems of pigs
hybridization at the example of the Rostov region
(Russia). Crossing the GP lines for F1 should be
organized in multiplier farm, which may be separate
farms and to be part of large commercial farms. For
the production of F1 in a multiplier farm, we must
breed a purebred specialized paternal and a maternal
line, selected on the effect of combining ability. For
the successful functioning of the system of
hybridization, it is necessary to build a genetic
pyramid, including breeding and genetic centers
(nucleus farm), multiplier farm, reproducing the
baseline. The article gives a detailed calculation of sow
population of levels of P, GP, GGP for maternal and
paternal breeds of pigs. The program uses user-defined
parameters of pigs productivity, of the simulated
population, and the parameters characterizing the
intensity of selection of young animals. To ensure
annual production of 1,822 million pigs in the Rostov
region it is necessary to provide the availability of
brood stock in the amount of 89 thousand heads, 6 800
heads in the structure of grandparent flocks (GP), 730 heads in the structure of the Grand-Grand-parent stock
(GGP), excluding sows second maternal and paternal
breeds
Progress of breeding for resistance to diseases, pests
and low temperatures is provided by cross-species
hybridization. Institute of Vine and Wine "Magarach"
is one of the leading centers of selection of grapes in
the world. The breeding program of deducing grapes at
the institute is based on the study and attracting the
world's gene pool, including and industrial of the
Russian Federation assortment of grapes. Analysis
assortment shows that the share of productive, highquality
varieties with group resistance to diseases,
pests and extreme environmental factors is very
small. The main method of selection of grapes of a
new generation who have genetically determined traits
earliness, resistance to biotic and abiotic factors is
crossing complex interspecific hybrids and forms of
their involvement with each other and with the forms
of species Vitis vinifera, belonging to different ecogeographical
groups, saturating crossing between
hybrid forms with complex features, the appropriate
selection of reference. For vigorous offspring is most
effective as a parent to use a local variety of forms of
Crohn and father - interspecific cultivar Alminsky
The value of the initial material for selection for heterosis
is primarily defined by the combining ability in
respect to the main economically valuable characteristics.
Combining ability with respect to “grain productivity”
has been studied among fourteen selfpollinated
lines of maize of early ripening and three
testers in the system of hybrid combinations. We have
proved that weather conditions have an influence on
the variability of the estimates of the combining ability.
We have identified the new self-pollinated lines of
maize SP 165 and SP 175, which are characterized by
invariably high evaluations in the effects of GCA (gi)
in different years. The new self-pollinated line SP 167
has got high variants of SCA (δ2si). The new lines SP
161, SP 163, SP 167 and SP 174 have been characterized
by the variability of the evaluations in the effects
of GCA. They are related to the first or second rank in
respect of GCA, depending on the year of the conducted
evaluation. These are SP 163, SP 164, SP 170,
SP 171 and SP 173 that have differed by their variability
of the variants of SCA (from the low variants to
the high ones). The highly productive testcross hybrids:
Madonna M × SP 165 (4.88 t / ha), Madonna M
× SP 171 (4.85 t / ha), Madonna M × SP 167 (4.80 t /
ha), T 7M × SP 165 (4.78 t / ha) have been obtained
based on the self-pollinated lines having invariably
high figures of GCA and SCA
The article discusses the various technologies of cultivation
of winter barley at two ways of main tillage
(recommended and zero-level) with different backgrounds
of soil fertility, fertilization rates, protection
from weeds, pests and diseases. Consistent improvement
of soil fertility and other fertilizers resulted in an
increase in crop productivity. Nutrition is the basis of
life of a living organism, including plants. The value of
crop yield and its chemical composition depend on the
conditions of nutrition. It is achieved with the optimum
combination of light, heat, air, water, food, etc.
In this connection, in the development of methods of
cultivation of this crop, we may not only increase the
yield of grain, but also pay due attention to the quality
of cultivated products. Thus, studies in the experiment
showed that the intensification of cultivation technology
of one phenomenon substantially and significantly
affects the productivity of the given culture
Social Sciences and Humanities
In today's world, one of the most urgent problems is
applying to study history of everyday life. In this paper
first analyzes the reflection of the everyday life of the
Cossacks on the paintings for S. A. Gavrilyachenko.
The author examines in detail the work of the artist
associated with this theme indicates strengths and
weaknesses. Particular attention is paid to the precision
display of the Cossack everyday life in the artist's
canvases. Based on the study, the author comes to the
conclusion about the possibility of using S. A.
Gavrilyachenko as one of the sources in the study of
Cossack life. The work particularly focuses on the
specifics of their use is indicated method of analysis of
illustrative sources. The article also highlights the
daily life of the Cossacks. The paper identifies features
of life and development of the Cossacks, is indicated
by its role in the history of Russia. Important place in
the life of the Cossacks took the Orthodox faith; they
very strictly observe the customs, traditions and
beliefs. Particularly tragic was the Cossack period of
the February revolution of 1917, at this time the
destruction of the centralized management of the
Cossack troops occurred. A decisive blow to the bar
caused the Civil war of 1917-1923 and what happened
during the famine of 1921 — 1922, this theme is most
fully represented in the works of S. A. Gavrilyachenko
The article is devoted to military and administrative
activity of one of imperial deputies – Evgeny
Aleksandrovich Golovin in the Caucasus in 1838-1842.
The general spent more than three months studying data
on the area he did not know in the archives of SaintPetersburg.
E. A. Golovin paid special attention to road
and fortification construction. He aimed at making them
“centres of Russian nationhood by establishing schools
and markets”. On December 15, 1838 E. A. Golovin
submitted a report to A. I. Chernyshov, the military
minister, where he described the nearest political tasks of
the Russian government. In Golovin’s opinion, the main
military actions in Dagestan were supposed to be seizure
of Chirkat, construction of fortifications therein and
devastation of Akhulgo, residence of Shamil.
However, E. A. Golovin turned out to be bound with
instructions written in Petersburg more than his
predecessors. Programmes for military actions in the
Caucasus region specifying even troop units to participate
in expeditions down to the last detail were drawn on an
annually basis. By the end of his term in the position of
the Commander-in-Chief of the Independent Caucasian
Corps Golovin started supporting the siege system by
combining it, the same way as A. P. Ermolov, with
periodic temporary offensive operations. After the
Evgenievskoe Fortification (named so to honour Golovin
by Royal Decree) had been constructed at the Sulak River,
Evgeniy Aleksandrovich was dismissed in October 1842.
The author concludes that in process of recognition of the
world of mountaineers the commander-in-chief showed
aspiration to searches of other, less dramatic solutions of
the Caucasian question, opened for the successors of
prospect of the movement of Russia and the people of
Chechnya, Dagestan and Western Caucasus towards each
other
Social Sciences and Humanities
The financial security of a commercial bank is a set of
stages of financial security for a single commercial
bank at a certain period. The financial security is interrelated
and therefore establishes a system of indicators
of threats to financial security banks. These indicators
in the financial security of commercial banks have to
meet the requirements of the system, which means
they should reflect the main areas of activity of commercial
banks and be related to their processes of development.
The system of indicators reflects the main
areas of occurrence of internal and external threats to
the financial security of commercial banks. The system
of indicators from external threats contains indicators
on federal and regional levels; the system of indicators
of internal threats developed for the structural elements
of credit and financial security, and reflects all aspects
of the activities of commercial banks. The indicator
system provides the threshold values of each indicator
for the internal and external threats separately; they
give marks in the calculation of the financial security
of commercial banks. The threshold values reflect the
dynamics of the activities and development of commercial
banks and therefore change over time. In this
regard, the development and improvement of the activities
of commercial banks, thresholds of indicators
should be reviewed. The system of indicators allows
having a comprehensive evaluation of the financial
security of commercial banks from external and internal
threats
In this study, we have performed an analysis of the
effective use of agricultural lands in Russia, using the
methods of scientific management, as a modern form of
agricultural business management. The analysis of
effective models of world agricultural business,
management and support, as well as the domestic and the
European model of agriculture was given as well. The
article contains suggestions and developing of the most
rational and effective management methods for
agricultural business, on the basis of international and
domestic experience in this area
In modern conditions, an important task is to ensure
food independence of Russia. This is due to the need
of acceleration the import substitution in terms of the
current foreign trade policy of the country. In this
context, a priority task for managers of the agricultural
sector is to increase profitability of agricultural
production, taking into account compliance with its
greening. The questions of improving the management
of agricultural business through its transition to an
innovative path of development, including the
greening of nature are investigated in this article.
We have investigated the concept of "agribusiness" in
terms of its economic content. In addition, the main
components of this category considered and described
in the article. The article presents an analysis of the
main results of environmental protection and the most
important indicators of environmental management.
We have shown the assessment of the dynamics of
production and economic indicators of agribusiness
management and ecologization and their relationship.
On the basis of this study, we have made the
conclusions about the need to reform the control
system of agricultural production by using innovative
mechanisms. Which, in turn, is possible using the four
main directions of scientific and technical progress,
including biological innovations, tools of technical
progress, innovative approaches to the development of
energy resources and the organizational and economic
innovation
The increased investment is largely due to the
strengthening of the financial and economic results
of the activity of agricultural enterprises and increasing
their level of competitiveness. In the article, priority
directions of development of the dairy industry
by attracting investment were identified. A necessary
condition for economic growth of the agricultural
sector is to increase economic efficiency
through technological modernization and production
diversification. The need for diversification of dairy
industry in the Krasnodar region in a significant disparity
of prices on dairy products and production
means are identified, as well as a sharp aggravation
of competitive struggle in local and foreign markets.
The current level of financial and economic activity
of Public company of seed-growing agricultural enterprise
"Rus", based in the Timashevsk region, in
interrelation with investment appeal has been analyzed
in the article. Economic expediency and the
investment project risks of organization of on-farm
industrial milk processing in Public company seedgrowing
agricultural enterprise "Rus" is grounded
with the purpose of extraction of the additional diversification
effect. In the article, the author formulates
practical recommendations for the learning of
priority directions of development dairy business
with the impact determination of milk processing
industry in the agricultural enterprise and by conducting
sensitivity analysis of the investment project
The article deals with the mechanisms of
improvement and the creation of completely new
competitive advantages of the Krasnodar region. It
presents various options for organizing competitive
advantages, which are influenced by the innovative
processes, which, in turn, can increase productivity,
modernization and to identify new high-tech
industries. In addition, we have given the arguments
in favor of the innovation is a fundamental factor in
the development and improvement of competitive
advantages
The article examines the influence of key factors in the
development of modern corporations – the authorities
and property for the effective realization of the
expanded reproduction of generative type. The article
reveals a problem of building an effective
configuration of capital (capitalograms) and an
adequate system of existing development strategies of
a corporation. It also formulates research hypothesis
The results of an analytical assessment of the
developed frame of reference on concepts of tax
planning, tax burden, tax burden of the enterprise are
presented in article. Tax planning is the most important
part of financial planning of the organization. A basis
of this process is possibility of each taxpayer to use
legislatively resolved means, receptions and ways
directed on minimization of tax payments.
Minimization of taxes is directed not only on absolute
decrease in volumes of tax payments, but also on
purposeful transfer of business to more favorable
conditions of managing. Tax planning is connected
with recognition of the right of each taxpayer to apply
all legislatively resolved means, receptions and ways
to decrease in tax payments. The analysis of a
condition of tax burden of an economic entity of real
sector of economy is carried out. It is noted, that by
means of various techniques of its assessment it is
possible to receive contradictory data on dynamics of
change of level of tax burden. As one of factors of
increasing the efficiency of business activity is
optimization of tax payments and implementation of
tax planning acts. Importance of realization of tax
planning and optimization of tax payments is defined
by desire of taxpayers to lower tax burden and
explainable aspiration of the state to prevent it
This article describes a current state of the agricultural
machinery market in Germany and presents data of
the conducted at the University of Hohenheim analysis
of the German dealers’ satisfaction with the producers
of agricultural machinery based on a developed
questionnaire
This article considers the problem of development of
audit activities as a practical view, and the concept of
evolution as science. We have summarized the
reasons for appearance and existence of audit, which
are the following: separation of powers between the
management and the owners of economic subjects;
there is not confidence from the external interested
users to information about the safety of financial
statements; it is necessary to obtain the assurance of
economic safety as additional factor of stability.
There is a detailed interpretation of definition the
"audit", considering the current economic realities,
from the position of the sphere of scientific
knowledge and from the position of practical
activities in the part of verification reports by the
independent experts and as an element of economic
safety of the company and the country. The trend of
market development for audit services was defined
and aimed for its consolidation. The perspective of
development does not connect with the classic audit
of accounting reporting, but it connects with
development forecasts for the company. The audit
should "look into the future" of each client, which
must be recorded in an audit report for improving the
quality. The author offers a new paradigm of broad
understanding of the audit as a form of independent
monitoring, which allows to develop and to realize
the concept of auditing business that meets the needs
of modern society
This article contains the answer for the question
about the "shadow" sector of the national economy,
there is the author's interpretation of "shadow economy"
as a self-organizing system, which develops
itself according to the main economic principles and
situates in harmonious coexistence with the economic
environment. We have identified the main causes of
the appearance of shadow structures, stages (birth,
development, maturity, decline and death), their
characteristics and offered the basic directions for
fight with the shadow economy. This research was
illustrated with drawings and analytical tables. The
author reveals the essence of the system of national
accounts, as a system of indicators which were recorded
in the form of accounts that reflect the different
sides of the reproduction processes in the economy, it
identified the main indicators and schematically illustrates
the relationship of these indicators.
We have estimated the size of the shadow economy
in different countries, identified factors that help to
the development of shadow structures, including the
imbalance of demand and supply, which is caused the
deficit of goods and services. The author presents the
main trends of spreading the shadow economic activities
(financial, economic, legal, administrative,
social and political) and the direction of fighting
against the shadow economy, with the help of mass
supporting this struggle in society
The article estimates of the qualitative characteristics of
the urban public transport work on the example of
municipality of Magadan in the light of traffic safety,
comfort, reliability and other activities. By means of
SWOT-analysis, the degree of influence of surrounding
factors on the municipality transport infrastructure is
examined. As a result, the basic directions of improving
organizational structures of urban public transport
management on the municipal level are determined
The study examines trends in the formation of the
agroindustrial complex in the Magadan region. The
article deals with comparative analysis of main figures
of the Magadan region agricultural branch for the
period 2008 - 2014. Statistical methods for analyzing
time series are used. Statistic date end its average
annual coefficients of agricultural production growth
and increase are given in the tables. This article shows
that only some coefficients have a small growth. Most
of them point at decreasing of production level. Main
problems and regional social economic peculiarities
and their negative influence on agricultural production
are appeared. To sum up this information we have
stated that the rate of growth in agricultural branch
does not correspond to average agricultural rate growth
in our country
In the article, there are some questions of the essence
of the category of "regional securities market" (RSM)
on the basis of functional approach and disclosure of a
role of RSM of regional level in functioning of mesolevel
economic systems. The review of literature on
the studied perspective is executed and its results are
presented in the system form with the indication of
positive and negative characteristics of approaches of
other authors. Methodical approach, which allows
formulating the author’s definition, is reasonable. The
principles of stable functioning and effective development
of regional RSM are noted. The comparative
analysis of rates of development of economy of Krasnodar
Region and other subjects of the Southern Federal
District on an indicator of an index of physical
volume of GRP is made. The leading positions of
Krasnodar Region and excess of the national level
throughout all studied period are revealed. Using the
method of the correlation and regression analysis established
mathematical interrelation between the investment
potential of RSM and development of regional
economy which force is estimated as average.
For strengthening their interaction, the mechanism of
increase of issue activity of regional issuers with use
of instruments of the budgetary financing, the state
credit and other factors is offered
In the article, we consider the problem of ensuring
viability of a company in the conditions of innovative
development of society. It is shown, that viability of the
innovative enterprise can be provided only socially and
by ecologically responsible management. On the basis of
the analysis of the theory and practice of social and
ecological management, the conclusion that controlling
as practical implementation of the concept of system
business management will allow to provide viability of
the enterprise in the conditions of innovative
development is drawn. It allowed reducing the
considered problem to the solution of three
interconnected tasks. First, it is a problem of creation of
model of innovative development within the modern
theory of economic development. Secondly, this problem
of definition and classification of a social organizational
unit of independent economic activity, viable in the
conditions of innovative development. At last, thirdly, it
is a problem of construction within model of innovative
development of model of viability of this social
organizational unit of independent economic activity
necessary here how exactly models of social-andecological
controlling. Social-and-ecological controlling
acts here as system structural communication which
provides possibility of complete overcoming of an initial
problem at the complex solution of the specified tasks.
Then the problem of definition of a place and the role of
the controller and the manager and their system
functions necessary for implementation of potential of
viability of the enterprise in the conditions of the
innovative development put in model of social-andecological
controlling is solved
Investigations of kaizen’s methodological foundations
are becoming increasingly important because of existence
of multiple interpretations of kaizen, uncertainty
of its elements. Kaizen is at the crossroads of accounting
and management. It consists of elements that may
be divided into groups: theoretical, methodical and
structural. Theoretical elements define the methodological
essence and consist of subjects, objects, principles,
functions, etc. Classification identifies are allocated:
aspects of the review, areas for improvement, resources,
spheres and others. A list of classical kaizen
tools is pointed out within the classification according
to the degree of modernity. Kaizen should be considered
in unity of groups of elements: theoretical (objects,
subjects, principles, functions and classification
bases), structural (lean production and controlling) and
methodical. Kaizen’s principles, functions and classification
are the author’s elaboration
This report presents the dynamics, factors and trends
in the industry of juices and juice products in the
Southern Federal District, Russia. Producing
companies in juice industry and juice production,
located in Southern Federal District are
characterized. The status of the participating
organizations of the exhibition "PRODEXPO-2015"
is investigated. Processes of strategic management
of competitiveness of factories for bottling juice are
studied. The problems of organizing the strategic
management of competitiveness of the organizations
at the micro and macro level are identified.
Activities of the “Russian Union of Juice Producers"
are analyzed. Also we present guides about
development of management of competitiveness of
manufacturers of juices and juice products in
Southern Federal District, adapted to the present
economic reality in the structural component of the
food industry in the region. They include:
expansion of the authority of the Russian Union of
Juice Producers (RUJP); organization of a national
competition for producers of juice products in
Russian Federation (designed position, its
mechanism and the symbol Award); realization of a
continuous modernization of the product line, which
is reduced to a systematic assortment management
The development of the agricultural sector involves
the increasing entrepreneurial activity of small agribusiness
in the conditions of the market. This
requires the formation of the organizationaleconomic
mechanism. It acts as a system of relations
arising between the state and the entities. One
of the basic conditions in the solution of this problem
is state support of small agribusiness at various
levels. In addition, it is necessary to create a better
organizational-economic mechanism of development
of this type of business in the agricultural
sector, which is aimed at creating and strengthening
the competitive environment of agricultural
producers. This article discusses the main directions
of formation of the elements of the organizational-economic
mechanism of development of
small agribusiness in the proletarian district of Rostov
region. In the area gets the development of
competitive selection of farmers for the development
of the agribusiness in animal husbandry. It
helps to increase the livestock of farm animals in
peasant (farm) area. The creation of a wholesaledistribution
center on the basis of the agricultural
consumer co-operative will contribute to the development
of marketing infrastructure, primary processing,
storage and transportation of agricultural
products produced by small businesses in the area.
The organizers of the marketing and logistics
chain, which are wholesale distribution centres not
only provides the most efficient distribution of the
produced agricultural products, but also allows in
General to increase the activity of the small agribusiness
The importance of harmonization of industrial and trade
policies at the micro- and macro-systems due primarily
to the fact that it is connecting links between the individual
elements of the technological pyramid and from
their adequacy the level of economic development of
the region and the country as a whole depends. Due to
the large variety and inhomogeneity of natural and socio-economic
conditions between individual parts and
the subjects of the Russian Federation, balanced production,
economic and trade relations, firstly, provide economic
integrity of the country and, secondly, to promote
the formation of a positive effect from intersubjective
division of labor. Increasing changes in the environment,
the appearance of new buyer inquiries, intensified
competition, openings in science and technology, presenting
new opportunities for business, requires organizations
of an effective system of enterprise management,
which allows responding flexibly to all market
changes. This problem is solved by the implementation
of industrial and trade policies of enterprise and by
harmonizing production and sales activities. This article
discusses the nature and content of the concepts of "industrial
policy" and "trade policy", harmonization
methods of industrial and trade policy of enterprises and
agriculture in general. The article analyzes main indicators
characterizing the contemporary economic condition
of the agriculture industry. Based on the findings, it
suggest ways to solve the problem
Small business is the basis for the development of the
national economy, providing 60% of revenues in foreign
countries. In Russia, this sector is developing slowly
due to lack of funding. In connection with the development
of small business, lending is growing in popularity
in this sphere. The state develops a variety of programs
to support small businesses in the form of public
and private lending institutions, venture capital funds,
credit unions. However, the volume of lending to small
business remains relatively low, due to mistrust of
banks and credit organizations in the sphere of small
business. Nevertheless, it is here, according to statistics,
the debt on loans is only 1.5% of the total. The article
describes the features of small business lending, it analyzes
the dynamics of the volume of loans granted, and
the amount of debt, identifies main obstacles to obtaining
loans to entrepreneurs, gives the analysis of credit
conditions of small business in Russia and Germany.
The problem of credit was considered from two perspectives:
from the perspective of credit institutions and
the banks themselves. We have developed measures to
improve credit conditions, which must take into account
not only credit institutions but also the state. It is necessary
to provide tax incentives, encouraging the establishment
and development of insurance business associations,
to support the creation of specialized banks lending
to small businesses, the development of cooperation
of small and large banks to increase bank lending and
reduce credit risks
The article analyzes trends of the modern information
technologies and approaches to engineering.
Information technologies are effective in all areas and
fields of activity; they provide steady growth rates,
increasing competitiveness of the organizations
The article is devoted to consideration of the issues in
the field of foreign trade relations between Kazakhstan
and Russia. The object of research is trade and
economic relations of Kazakhstan and Russia
discussed in the context of the development of a new
model of bilateral cooperation. The subject of research
is modern institutional arrangements and forms of
foreign economic cooperation of Kazakhstan and
Russia in the conditions of harmonization of economic
integration cooperation of the CIS countries.
Development of strategy of entering into international
economic space, and other aspects, with the author's
point of view, increasingly become the subject of a
wide range of specialized research. Topicality of
research is determined by necessity of development of
close economic cooperation between Kazakhstan and
Russia in the context of harmonization and new forms
of cooperation in the global economy. Mutually
beneficial partnership between Kazakhstan and Russia
due to the complex geo-economic and geopolitical
factors, similar vector of economic development,
which is based on the resources sector. The article
describes the necessary requirements for improved
organizational structures to coordinate the efforts of
the two countries on the harmonization of forms of
economic cooperation. Therefore, an investigation of
the development of economic cooperation of
Kazakhstan and Russia is becoming a significant
scientific and practical importance and is relevant. The
aim of research is scientific substantiation of prospects
of development of economic cooperation of Russia and
Kazakhstan and formation of practical
recommendations to the public authorities of the two
countries to develop coordinated positions in the field
of foreign economic cooperation
The article studies tendencies of the development of
the economic system in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
We identify the dominant conditions for the growth of
social production in the transition to the Eurasian
economic Union. We have marked quantitative
increase of the basic parameters of foreign trade
turnover, as well as ongoing structural changes
associated with transformation of a common market
mechanism. The authors attach considerable
importance to the balance of the national economy, the
pace of economic growth. They define the
determinants of successful economic development in
its foreign trade relations in the Republic of
Kazakhstan, providing a general growth and other
qualitative changes in the economy of the Republic.
The article also provides a retrospective analysis of
structural adjustment, to explain the features of
industrial development during the period of market
reforms in the last years of the Soviet power. The
structure of the national economy (in particular -
industry) where there is an unreasonably high
proportion of the industries of mining and defense was
analyzed. The article also discusses the prospects for
the functioning and cooperation of the countries of the
Customs Union (CU) and the Eurasian economic
community, Kazakhstan's accession to the world trade
organization. The trends in the development of foreign
trade of Kazakhstan and other countries-members of
the Customs Union were considered. The article
performs an analysis of statistical data characterizing
the state of development of industries, main economic
indicators, volume of trade, and growth of gross
domestic product
The modern banking system is one of the most important
and integral structures of market economy that
is on a threshold of high-quality changes and owing to
what the competition in the market of banking services
increases. Relevance of this subject is caused by the
need of definition of current trends of development of
the interbank competition in Russia. In the article, the
general dynamics of number of the operating banks of
Russia for the last 8 years is analyzed and conclusions
that the essential number of banks is concentrated in the
European part of the country, and a small amount of
regional banks beyond the Urals are drawn. It is revealed
that the main criteria influencing a choice of
bank the natural person are: the term of existence of
bank in the market, availability of ATMs, favorable
rates on deposits and the credits. Factors of the interbank
competition are analyzed and basic methods of
realization of competitive strategy of banks are presented.
The main reasons for insufficient development of
the banking sector of Russia are defined: opacity and
high concentration of a banking system, macroeconomic
instability, low capitalization, institutional problems,
etc. Recommendations for strengthening of competitive
advantages of domestic banks are offered: development
of new financial services, association with other banks
and participation of banks in the organization of projects
together with the enterprises which business can be
considered the most interesting and perspective
This article discusses the formation of a new development
bank of BRICS. We have considered the background
of creation of the bank in this economic situation,
which are infrastructure problems of some country-member
and future founders. We reviewed the creation
of the bank, the official start of its work, financial
characteristics, pool of currency reserves, pool of
foreign exchange reserves, which has the functions and
short-terms perspective of bank in international scene.
We have reflected the existing difficulties, including a
lack of common borders among the participants and
the growing influence of China. We processed the
opinions of experts about an alternative to the New
Development Bank by Western financial institutions,
which show the interest of strengthening the political
component of the BRICS cooperation and the desire to
change the current situation. We have conducted a
comparative analysis of the New Development Bank
and other international organizations which can serve
to BRICS bank competitors such as the ADB, the IMF
and the World Bank. Here we talk about the advantages
and disadvantages of each organization. In
order to form and strengthen the potential of BRICS
we have presented several lines of activities. NDB
should support projects for economic growth and provide
for this purpose the long-term financing available,
which will ensure the stability of the infrastructure
projects of the Bank
This article explains the relevance of evaluation of
agricultural growth, which can be achieved through
the implementation of agricultural sectors’ innovative
potential. The opportunities of agricultural growth are
defined by the set of macroeconomic, sectoral and
regional factors as well as the type of enterprises that
have different levels of innovative susceptibility. The
authors give an overview of the main methods of social
and economic forecasting and justify the choice of
the ARIMA (Autoregressive integrated moving average)
as a tool for forecasting regional development of
agriculture. The article presents the experts’ estimatesbased
values of integrated indicators of agricultural
exogenous factors and the ARIMA-parameters based
on the use of these indicators for time series prediction
of agricultural production in the Amur region. The
authors conclude that the time series ARIMA-model
of the gross agricultural production, taking into account
the influence of innovation potential factors,
demonstrate a good approximation to the Amur region
data. This article also compares the forecasts of agricultural
production on inertial and innovative scenario
for the Amur region, and provides an estimation of
innovation potential growth of the agricultural branches
To develop detailed and effective business model of
bakery enterprises of consumer cooperation it is
necessary to have knowledge on strategic goods
displayed on a busy segment of the market, not only in
volumetric terms, but in the parameters that
characterize the stability of sales or consumption. The
particular relevance of this study reveals in modern
conditions of functioning. The outcome of the baking
enterprises of consumer cooperatives is more than 760
tons per day, distributed between 41 baking enterprise
producing more than 300 kinds of products. Of course,
the information on quantitative and qualitative
characteristics of the strategic positions of the range
will be a key in making managerial decisions about the
production of the program, resourcing, turnover, etc.
To solve the problem we have chosen the method of
ABC - and XYZ-analysis of assortment of production,
based on the criteria of ease of use and breadth of the
resulting information. As a result of the application of
the methods of ABC and XYZ-analysis and combining
the obtained results, we present a classification of the
range of the baking enterprises of consumer
cooperation product based on the criteria of the
contribution of commodity positions in revenue and
stability of sales
The article is devoted to particularities of functioning
of agricultural sector of the Krasnodar region. Problematic
aspects of the industry, the negative and
positive trends in the development of the agricultural
organizations were marked for the region
The main statements of the methodology of
forecasting of social-economic phenomena and
processes in agriculture and the basic requirements to
ensure realistic results of forecasting the development
of the agrarian economy are considered in this work.
The relevance of this topic conditioned on the need of
developing a systematic and evidence-based
development strategy for the agricultural sector of the
country as a whole and on the regional level. In this
regard, the study presents an analysis of the main
indicators of the Program of development of
agriculture of Russia and the Stavropol region, as well
as their comparative characteristics, which allowed us
to make conclusions about the region's share in the
national indicators of agricultural development. The
authors have conducted forecasting of the major
indicators of Agriculture of Russia and the Stavropol
region. The forecast covers such characteristics of
agriculture, as the amount of output (production
component), investments in fixed capital of agro
industrial complex (investment component) and
balanced financial result (resultant component). The
composed scenarios of development of agricultural
production in Russia and the Stavropol region reflect
possible trends: inertial development of the industry,
based on maintaining the current dynamics of
development; pessimistic scenario anticipating slow pace of development of investment activity in the
agricultural sector; optimistic scenario, based on the
assumption that the creation of fundamental
conditions for public and private investment in agro
industrial complex. The results are of interest to
scientists studying the processes of development of
agriculture, and for representatives of the agricultural
business and government
In the present study, the calculations of price dynamics
are made in the model of a financial market consisting
of fundamentalist and noise traders. Numerical
calculations are carried out in accordance with the full
Walrasian dynamic price adjustment rule. To describe
fluctuations in the number of optimistic and
pessimistic noise traders, a seminal stochastic
Kirman’s ant model (reducible to a Markov chain) is
used, as well as its modification with different scaling
properties of the parameter controlling the strength of
herding behavior of noise agents
The current problem of environmental pathology has
emerged because of physical, chemical and biological
factors, most of which are of anthropogenic origin.
The environmental pathology is determined by
appearance of new and unusual diseases, atypical
course of known diseases, and "rejuvenation" of some
diseases (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, myocardial
infarction and even cerebral stroke among children).
Examples of "new" diseases are environmental dioxin
syndrome; "strange" disease Minamata (paralysis,
mental retardation due to the damage to the Central
nervous system of methyl mercury accumulated in
marine food products); general immune depression –
"chemical AIDS", caused by dioxins, heavy metals,
toxic radicals, and others. Environmental issues
gradually aroused the need to allocate separate spheres
of legal regulation of public relations in the field of
natural resources and environment from negative
impacts in the course of economic activity. The task of
the law in the field of regulation of public relations
concerning the surrounding natural world – to define
rules of behavior, which will be based on the
knowledge of the natural laws. Global environmental
problems associated with degradation of natural
objects, separate ecosystems and the environment in
General, contributed to the formation within the
Russian legal system of environmental law as an
independent branch of law. The article investigates
methodological aspects of improvement of ecologicaleconomic
mechanism of management in the sphere of
nature management and environmental protection. The
legal framework of the state policy in the field of
environment protection is to ensure balanced solution
of socio-economic tasks, preservation of favorable
environment, biological diversity and natural
resources in order to meet the needs of present and
future generations, strengthening the rule of law in the
field of environmental protection and ensuring environmental security. The article defines the
interrelation between the level of pollution and the
amount of population, analyzes official data for the
Krasnodar region
Grain is of strategic importance and is the basis for
food security. The gross national product share of
grain and its products is about 10-15%. It always
stands out from other types of raw materials, as it is
used to produce the most popular daily foods. According
to the characteristics of management in agriculture,
it should be emphasized that the absence of objective
and timely information at all stages of production of
the plant-breeding, and as a result, non-optimal choice
of technology of cultivation of agricultural crops,
might result in the fact that the cost of labor and material
resources increases significantly, the company
does not receive profits, and sometimes suffers losses.
When selecting cultivation technology for agricultural
crops, an agronomist has a database of more than a
hundred times-personal of alternative technologies for
each crop. It is up to the decision-maker (DMP) to find
specific criteria to select the most suitable (for the
owners and the climatic zone) technology of cultivating
for the culture. These circumstances explain the
relevance of in-depth research of economic and mathematical
models and methods of analysis and evaluation
of the economic efficiency of technologies of cultivation
agricultural crops. The article deals with the
process of adaptation and the possibility of using the
model and the method of binary matrices to solve the
problem of the choice for cropping technology
The article substantiates the necessity of the
intensifying institutional reforms in AIC of the
Krasnodar region for the purpose of development the
regional innovation environment. It is proved, that the
efficiency of innovative activities is possible in the
agrarian sector of the economy in effective state
regulation of organizational and economic
mechanisms of innovation processes, to generate
adapted innovative infrastructure. The Institutional
modernization supposes accretion of the relationships
government and business against to the development
of investment processes, improved management
efficiency and its activities creation for innovation
infrastructure in agriculture. The analysis conducted
has shown that the favorable investment climate is
achieved in the Krasnodar region by maintaining
political stability and predictability, and also the
implementation of a policy directed to the
transformation of market relations, directed the
creation and implementation of mechanisms import
substitution and development of rural areas actively.
The institutional environment should be considered as
a basic component of innovative development of
agrarian sector economy in the region. The
institutional environment grouping of innovative
development AIC subjects to the influence of socioeconomic,
political, institutional, demographic,
historical and geographical factors. The process of
innovative development agrarian sector does not
come short of potential opportunities the region. Inter
alia the main factors impeding of the development
innovations in the regional AIC can be identified: the
high production and financial risks, the low demand
for innovative products and services, the high cost of
innovations, the lack of personnel able to develop
innovative production technologies, the own sources
of funding for the projects have not been found. To
enable of innovation activity in the regional AIC on
the basis institutional reforms it is necessary: to
maximize the interaction between federal, regional
and local levels of government; be focused on the
selection strategic priorities of agrarian sphere innovative development in the region; to create a set
conditions for the technical and technological
modernization of the sector, allowing to generate and
develop innovations in agriculture; to amend the state
innovation policy in the agrarian sector alone the
need of implementation mechanisms of import
substitution, the rural development and the
achievement of competitiveness agricultural
production
Social Sciences and Humanities
Cultural dialogue with an Alien/Stranger on Frontier
territories takes different forms depending on the
specific period in which intercultural communication
occurs. It is possible to allocate three periods with
particular forms of intercultural communication: the
early frontier, active frontier and postfrontier. If
meeting with a Stranger/Alien in the active period of
the frontier is characterized by the active suppression
of a Stranger, sometimes to His complete destruction
or enslavement, in the period of postfrontier there
comes a revision of forms of this dialogue and the
image of an Alien/Stranger radically changed from
negative to positive. This article analyzes the
transformation of the Stranger’s image in the
postfrontier space of the USA. It shows how the
image of the Indian in the second half of the 20-th
century got increasingly positive features
Clip thinking phenomenon analysis is considered
through a comparison to a theory of one-dimensional
man by outstanding representative of Frankfurt school
of social research Herbert Marcuse. Approaches to
definition for clip thinking phenomenon and indication
its reasons are conducted. Although this phenomenon
was defined and presented more than 20 years ago by
philosopher F. Girenok, descent reasons and impact
apparatus of clip thinking were described earlier by
Gerbert Marcuse within ‘one-dimensional man’
theory. Philosopher contemplates modern industrial
society as never-ending consumer system, its aims of
own life support predetermined a formation of new
type man which represents mass society by ability of
living according to “correct” social attitudes. The
man’s life should be brought under control of constant
consumer process. Any exertions of individuality or
public point of view deviations should be eliminated.
These things are executed by means of mass media
indoctrination and appropriate ideas implementation.
However every man is still able to think critically and
his vision of world comprehension may be quite full
due to cultural environment accessory even in spite of
one-sided perception prism
Social Sciences and Humanities
Contemporary linguistics and discoursology regard
means of author’s position expression to be an
important part of a science. However, it should be
stated that this aspect “author’s position expression” in
scientific discourse has not been described in details.
This article researches different lexical means of
author’s position expression, actualized in different
types of discourse: scientific science (based on
geological texts). According to quantitative and
qualitative data analysis of English and Russian texts,
means of author’s position expression depend on
directly on functional characteristics of the discourse
itself and proper usage of them indicates and the
cultural background of the author. Comparing English
and Russian texts, the following was revealed: Russian
authors pertain to (a) be reserve in expressing his/her
own opinion; (b) employ impersonal constructions
abundantly; (c) resort to the minimum use of those
words expressing his/her personal opinion; (d)
overload other author’s citations; and (e) use such
follow-up lexical means that encourage the reader to
understand the author’s conceptions or notions. The
English corpus analysis showed that the authors,
comparable to the Russian ones, are more explicit in
expressing one’s opinions through pronouns, such as
“I” and “we». In this case, the author’s position
expression is less straightforward and more “shaded”.
Due to the well-defined structure of English scientific
texts the authors exclude the possible duplication of
one’s opinions by expressing the author’s position on
the issue discussed in the article both in the explicit
and implicit ways
The article considers the definition of love
communication. In addition, the specific features
analysis of love communication is carried out. The
article deals with communication genres and
differences in content
The aim of the study is to describe the concept of
conflict linguistic personality and construct a model of
linguistic identity. By summing up common features of
the individual personalities we have created the model
of conflict linguistic personality, based on three levels:
verbal-semantic, cognitive and pragmatic. 1. Verbal -
semantic level. Unlike other subtypes of conflict
discourse, everyday conflict discourse is characterized
by slang, invective, obscene vocabulary. Another
feature of everyday conflict discourse is familiarity.
Imperatives are also among the characteristic features
of conflict. There are also some non-verbal components
that play an important role in constructing the model of
conflict linguistic personality, such as gestures and
mimicry. 2. Cognitive level. Typical conflict linguistic
personality rarely tries to mince the words at the peak
of the conflict, so his/her cultural level comes "through
the language." 3. Pragmatic level. On this level diverse
and even opposing tactics are possible depending on
the purpose of conflict linguistic personality, as well as
his/her social role and psychological state at the
moment. The cooperative tactics include: acceptance,
conviction, compassion, assignment, promise, etc. Noncooperative
tactics include: mockery, accusation,
insults, threats, pressure, interruption, provocation
Social Sciences and Humanities
The article “Contents of the main elements of the
criminalistic characteristic of fraud” written by the
group of authors is of great importance today as the
new points of the Federal Act №207 of the Criminal
Code of Russia which provide for the criminal
proceedings for fraud in lending; while getting
payments; while using bank cards; in business sphere;
in the sphere of insurance, introduced on November
29, 2012, still need to be developed and lack the
methods of the investigation of such crimes.
Consequently, the methods of preparation, committing
and concealing of a crime, track formation mechanism
are not determined and analyzed upon the materials of
the forensic and investigative activities. The authors of
the article have attempted to study the cases of the
mentioned crime types and determine the ways of
preparation, committing and concealing of a crime and
track formation mechanism of the above-mentioned
types of crime
The authors analyze the issues of the legal and economic
problems of social security governmental regulation in the
Russian Federation. In order to identify and subsequently
find theoretical and practical resolution of conflicts and
flaws in the domestic social security law, the authors
propose to analyze the social institutions of the Russia
and to match them with the existing social institutions of
the Federal Republic of Germany in view of their
historical closeness, belonging to one family of law, and
the similarity of the legal foundations of the constitutional
system. Comparative analysis of various aspects of life
quality according to Russian and German data, which was
examined above, leads to the conclusion that the primary
task in this country is to restore revenues and stimulate
the population’s solvency. The study of the social security
issues led to the conclusion that the state social insurance
is intended to replace the income lost due to certain
events such as unemployment, illness, disability, old age,
accident-at-work insurance. The authors conclude that
there is need to improve the current Russian pension
legislation, social security and social legal guarantees
As a part of the investigation carried out in the
course of the investigation of crimes, a
confrontation is very important. This article
reveals the essence of the scientific production of
the confrontation, the object and purpose of which
is to establish the truth in the case. The
investigator, in accordance with the Article 192 of
the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian
Federation has the right to decide on proceeding a
confrontation, in cases when previously there
were significant differences. In conducting
confrontation, there are confirmed correct
versions and the versions denied by others, it
turns out the real facts of the case and eliminates
significant contradictions in the testimony of
previously interrogated persons. By making the
decision to produce a confrontation, the
investigator must be confident in the ability of the
participant, who gave truthful testimony, to
withstand the psychological pressure. This party
should be prepared to create his "immunity"
against future attempts to influence the other party
to persuade to change readings, etc. Before the
production of a confrontation, the investigator
must draw up a plan in which the questions are
formulated. Then prioritize questioning of
participants of confrontation and identify tactics
that can be applied in the course of its production.
The investigator prepares a space for the
production of confrontation, and audio, photo and
video equipment. Different violations, errors
during the confrontation, have the ultimate impact
on the overall result of the preliminary
investigation of a specific criminal case. In this
regard, clarification of the nature of the
confrontation has not only theoretical but also
practical importance
BASIC LEGAL APPROACHES TO THE REGULATION OF RESTRICTION ON THE SPREAD OF INFORMATION ON THE INTERNET
The article analyses the existing legal mechanism of
limitation of distribution of information in the Internet
and the variants of development of law-making in this
sphere. The conclusions made by the author might be
used in scientific activity
The article analyses the existing legal mechanism of
limitation of distribution of information in the Internet
and variants of development of law-making in this
sphere. The conclusions made by the author can be
used in scientific activity
The article is devoted to the questions connected to
the buying and selling quarters contract’s
peculiarities investigation, corresponding to the
economy class living rating conditions.
It is specified to the factors which are the obstacles
for the accessible and comfortable housing in
Russia. As a result, it is found out that the following
relations regulated by the Federal Law, not by the
Civil Law. Peculiarities of such kind of contracts, at
first, connected with the object of contract’s
investigation. As a reason, it is necessary to work out
and affirm conditions when living quarters
correspond to the economy class living rating.
Special attention in the following article is paid to
the specification of the conditions. One of the
important things, which characterize the contract, is
its subject compound. While law investigation it was
found out parties of the buying and selling living
quarters contract, corresponding to the economy
class living rating conditions. We have also brought
out the citizens’ class, having right to purchase
economy class living. We have determined them as
poor families, having many children and law level of
income citizens
In the article, there are basic elements of the concept,
the structure and the group methods of crime
investigation. A brief analysis of the views of scientists
towards the issue was performed. The author comes to
a conclusion about the content of the group
methodology and makes a theoretical justification of
the expressed positions. We identify three separate
base isolation system classification - group
investigation techniques: a) the difference in the
structure of private and group techniques; b) the
similarities in the criminal - legal and criminological
characteristics of crime groups; similarities in the
process of crime investigation and scientific - practical
recommendations for their investigation
Social Sciences and Humanities
The theoretical elements of pedagogical maintenance
of school students’ self-organization are considered in
the article, as new forms of organization of educational
process. We research the problem of pedagogical
maintenance in psychological and pedagogical
literature. There is a definition of this concept. The
author thinks that the process of quality’s improvement
of school students’ independent activity and their selforganization
is not good developed. It is necessary to
investigate this process. The problem of school
students’ self-organization is described in pedagogic.
There is a structure of a motivational and self -
organizational basis of educational activity. This
structure consists of certain stages. The first, it is a
concentration of attention on an educational situation.
The second, it is a pupils’ orientation in activity. The
third, it has to define the purpose. The fourth, these are
the ways to achievement of the purpose (performance
of educational actions). Then it is a control and
correction of educational actions. The last, it is an
assessment (self-assessment) of the received result.
The pedagogical maintenance of self - organization
and elements of the chosen structure makes the main
contents of research in system of additional education.
The author allocates levels of management of selforganization
of school students. There is a definition of
pedagogical maintenance of self-organization of
school students. There is a conclusion that mastering
skills of self-organization and self-control it not only
pledge of a successful organization of educational
activity, but also successful existence and selfrealization
in modern society
In our study we attempt to analyze a new form of
illustration − the meme that is widely used in science
and educational process. To achieve this goal we had
to assemble a collection of images to catalog and
description in order to understand the new role of the
illustrative image. Meme is defined as a unit of
cultural information. According to the definition of
Wikipedia, a meme can consider any idea, character,
manner or way of doing things, consciously or
unconsciously transmitted from person to person
through speech, video, writing, rituals, drawings,
gestures, etc. The term meme and the concept of the
meme was proposed by evolutionary biologist Richard
Dawkins in 1976 in his book "the Selfish gene". The
article shows illustrative examples of memes based on
the artwork and paintings of the great masters of
painting, considered the use of created images. It
shows the history of illustrative memes and
transformation of images in the modern world of
science and education. Using memes in scientific
work, as a form of illustration, it can be noted that
visualization of the object of research allows you to
develop visual thinking, which has identified a number
of functions: cognitive, communicative,
methodological. Cognitive function is manifested in
the ability to cognize an object through an image,
communicative – explain the problem or task through
the image; methodological – to build research with
consideration of the peculiarities of the structure and
morphology of the object
In modern conditions, in accordance with the decision
of the UN, warships of the coalition of states, which
includes the Russian Federation, carry out tasks for the
protection of navigation and for escorting ships in the
areas endangered by pirates of the oceans. Training
ships of the Navy to perform tasks of combat duty in
the areas of increased activity of pirates to ensure the
safety of navigation of civil transport vessels not only
involves the decision of problems of staffing the crew
with necessary staff, logistical support, and targeted
development of the high readiness of the sailors to
successful implementation of such specific combat
missions. This kind of organizing and educational
activities should be organized based on the experience
of pedagogical designing of the military-pedagogical
process. Instructional design is an objective necessity
of development of subjects of military-pedagogical
and educational activities of the projective
imagination, thinking, efficient way of doing it. The
author considers the instructional design of formation
of readiness of military seamen to counter pirates and
terrorists at sea as an innovative phenomenon that
connects pedagogical theory and innovative practice
aimed at comprehensive training of the personnel of
the fighting ships for the upcoming operation. The
article explains target program of development of
readiness of military seamen to counter pirates and
terrorists at sea. The author's target program contains
six separate and interrelated modules, which will allow
crew members to acquire the necessary knowledge and
skills to create a high level of preparedness for the
forthcoming military - professional activity in the sea
In patients, there has been registered luminescence of
skin sites affected by basal cell skin cancer at stage III
in high-frequency electric field. The diagnosis was
confirmed by histological analysis of excised cancer
sites
Social Sciences and Humanities
It is shown in the article that the most effective way to
evaluate the effectiveness of post traumatic stress
disorder patients rehabilitation is via their regulation
and adaptive status
Social Sciences and Humanities
The article is devoted to the theoretical coverage of
the actual system of modern humanitarian knowledge
of design concepts and advertising discourse. Design
theory and the concept of advertising discourse are
considered in relation to the area of advertising
communications, in terms of design technology. The
article also gives definitions of the concepts of
"design", "advertising discourse." It is concluded that
the application of the theory of design and advertising
discourse mastering concepts help to understand the
mechanism of transmission of cultural meanings
through its own figurative and graphic design tools
Physical Sciences and Engineering
The article examines the development of a planned
study on the clearings and roads in built-up and
forested areas, as well as for building networks. Most
often, it is recommended to use the method without
diagonal quadrangles, where in each figure measured
all four corners and the length of one of the parties,
and in the first and last rectangles – four corners and
two sides. The length of the other sides is obtained by
computing, previously having leveraged the angles in
the quadrilaterals. The disadvantage of this method is
the adjustment of such circuits in a simplified manner,
namely: the distribution of residuals arising in the
augmentation of coordinates fx and fy equally to all
augmentation. The article proposes formulas of Gauss
for direct angular notches to make the conditional
equation of directional angles, deciding which method
of least squares, find the amendments to the measured
directional angles. Introducing these amendments, I
get the coordinates of the desired points of successive
angular intersection. As it may be seen from
preliminary calculations, the errors resulting from the
use of differential corrections in the coordinates are
very small and may not have a significant influence on
the measurement result