The article discusses results of experimental research
of the influence of aprotic and proton solvents on reaction
rate of water molecules dissociation in the bipolar
membrane MB-1 by the method of electrochemical
impedance frequency spectrum. It was discovered, that
addition of organic component in aqueous solutions results
in significant influence on the parameters of water
dissociation in a bipolar region of the membrane.
The reason for this influence is the reduction of the
mass fraction of water in solution and, consequently,
in a bipolar region of the membrane, which itself reduces
the rate of the dissociation reaction. Another
reason for the influence of the organic solvent is its effect
on the network of hydrogen bonds existing in water
and aqueous solutions. Depending on the nature of
organic solvent and its concentration, the network of
hydrogen bonds may be strengthened, or destroyed,
thus facilitating removal of the proton involved in the
reactions between water molecules and catalytic centers
in cation-exchange and anion-exchange layer of
bipolar membrane, or retarding removal of proton.
This leads respectively to speed up or slow down the
rate of dissociation in the bipolar region of the membrane,
as well as changing the constants of the dissociation
reaction of water. Introduction of organic solvent
in solutions, which are in the contact with bipolar
membrane, is a convenient method of investigating the
role of solution composition on the rate of proton
transfer between water molecules and catalytic centers
in the membranes
The results of study of bipolar membrane – analogue
of MB-2, modified with chemically introduced chromium
(III), iron (III) and nickel (II) hydroxides by the
method of frequency spectrum of electrochemical impedance,
by infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron
microscopy in combination with X-ray spectrum
analysis are presented. It is shown, that sequential
treatment of cation-exchanger, contained in cationexchange
membrane, with metal salt solution and alkali
solution does not result in formation of complex
compounds of these metals with ionic groups of ion
exchanger. It was found that in these conditions the
presence of heavy metals in the phase of cationexchanger
confirmed by X-ray analysis, however,
crystals of hydroxides of heavy metals are not detected
in the size range of 1000 nm to 20 nm. These heavy
metal compounds are thermally unstable and their
catalytic activity in the reaction of dissociation of water
molecules decreases with increasing temperature
during heat treatment. The introduction of low-soluble
hydroxides of d-metals (chromium (III), iron (III),
nickel(II)) by chemical method can significantly improve
the electrochemical characteristics of a bipolar
membrane. The most effective catalysts in water dissociation
reaction are the hydroxides of chromium (III)
and iron (III) and, as a consequence, membranes with
these hydroxides have a lower value of overpotential
compared with original membrane at the same current
density
A number of thermoreactive oligomers was obtained
via the Michael interaction of molar excesses of
hexamethylene-bis-maleimide with 5,5’-bisbenzotriazoles
in melt. The structure of them was
proved by the 13C spectroscopy method. The one-step
synthesis in melt, without by-products evolution, in
absence of organic solvents, additional reagents, and
catalysts is the more acceptable in point of view of
technology (a finished reaction product does not
require any purification). The process itself is the
nucleophile addition across double bond, and so it can
be attributed to the atom-saving technologies.
According to data of the dynamic scanning calorimetry
(DSC) and the thermogravimetry (TG), oligomers fuse
at 130.8–135.6 °С, cross-link at 185–250 °С, and begin
their thermal destruction in air at temperatures of 400–
420 °С. The tensile strength at shear of the glued joints
on base of oligomers (steel plates overlapped) is 14.2–
23.7 MPa (142–237 kgf/cm2
). The positive effect from
the introduce of 5,5’-bis-benzotriazolyl fragments into
structure of bismaleimide thermoreactive oligomers on
strength of the glued joints between metal plates was
revealed
Macrodeficiency of polymeric materials, including the
pervasive one, is a consequence of the development of
initial microdefects which appear in polymers both
due to external factors and during their processing. In
the article, the problem of the detection of structural
microdeficiency of various polymeric materials
through an assessment of their structural parameters is
solved. The considered materials possess
approximately identical degree of crystallinity (60 –
66%), but different density. The express assessment
technique of polymeric materials microdeficiency by
the sorption method with the use of the academician
M. M. Dubinin’s theory of volumetric micropore
filling is developed and evaluated. On the basis of a
quantitative assessment of sorption processes in
polymeric materials, including elastomeric
compositions – rubbers and rubberized fabrics, the
existence of the initial local microdefects arising in
the course of synthesis is established. In real
polymeric materials, including elastomeric
compositions – rubbers and rubberized fabrics, the
existence of the initial local microdefects arising in
the course of synthesis is established (the number of
microdefects n varies from 1x1017 sm-3 to 6x1019 sm-3
,
and the rated linear size k – from 2 nm to 7 nm). The
general reduction of microdeficiency in rubberized
fabrics in comparison with initial rubber is revealed
and rationalized
Since the industrial revolution a huge amount of pollutants
emitted annually into the water most of which is
occupied by toxic metals. These metals widely distributed
in the environment and of accumulation of a
threat to human health. It is known, that cadmium and
zinc at high concentrations have a negative impact on
nature. In modern wastewater treatment technology we
widely use polymeric sorbents with chelating properties.
The use of polymeric chelating sorbents (PCS)
usage allows separating individual or group trace elements
from large volumes of solutions of complex
composition, lowering the limit of detection, eliminating
or reducing significantly the impact of macrocomponents
which increases the cleaning efficiency.
The article presents the results of a study of conditions
of interaction of zinc (II) ions and cadmium (II) with
PCT - polystyrene-azo-o-phenol-azo-rhodanine. We
found the optimal values of the conditions for zinc (II)
ions and cadmium (II) sorption. We investigated the
effect of interfering of the macro- and micro- water
components with the sorption of the ions studied.
Maximum desorption of metal ions is achieved by
washing the concentrate with 10 ml of 2M hydrochloric
acid. The data indicate availability of the investigated
sorbent for concentration and separation of zinc
(II) ions and cadmium (II)
The article is devoted to the study of enzymesantioxidants
contained in horseradish root. The article
provides a detailed analysis of the sources of information,
aimed at clarifying the content of enzymesantioxidants
contained in horseradish root, grown in
the Astrakhan region in the autumn and summer. During
the analysis of the literature, it was found that the
content of enzyme-antioxidants in the root of the
horseradish is not constant and depends on climatic
conditions, planting time and harvest time. The content
of antioxidants in the root of horseradish grown in the
Astrakhan region in the summer-autumn period was
studied using by the method of A.N. Bach and A.I.
Oparin. 2 g of horseradish roots contains the number
of enzymes - antioxidants able to expand for 30 min
(1,547 • 100) / (20 • 1) = 77.35 mg of hydrogen peroxide
in 1 min - 2.56 mg. 1mkmol As hydrogen peroxide
is 0.034 mg, in 2 g horseradish contains 76 E enzyme -
antioxidants (or E 38 1 g horseradish). The results of
this work will form the basis for the creation and study
of new enterosorbent with antioxidant functions. Enterosorbent
prepared by adsorption on starch antioxidants
such as peroxidase, catalase, and ascorbic acid,
from aqueous extracts of plant material
The article is devoted to studying adsorption of enzymes,
antioxidants contained in horseradish root on
starch to create enterosorbent with anti-oxidant properties.
For this goal, we have studied adsorption isotherm
calculated constants, thermodynamic parameters
(change of enthalpy, entropy, and isobaric-isothermal
potential); sorption kinetics of enzyme-antioxidants on
starch and calculate the main characteristics. The
method of producing of enterosorbent - antioxidant on
based starches has been developed based on the experimental
data. The ready sorbent is a white powder having
no taste and smell. Insoluble in biological fluids
and water. It is the solid component. The enterosorbent
can be used to protect the gastrointestinal tract of humans
and animals against a wide variety of oxidants
and peroxide. The results of this work will form the
basis for the study of the antioxidant properties of the
resulting enterosorbent
The article studies adsorption of ascorbic acid on
KSMG silicagel. The experimental results, the basic
thermodynamic characteristics of ascorbic acid adsorption
on oxide silicon have been used for treatment of
adsorption mechanism of ascorbic acid on silica
KSMG. Results of the study ascorbic acid adsorption
on silica gel KSMG may be used for further identification
of it in the various objects
To develop the novel herbicide antidotes for the
sunflower vegetative plants, the group of chemical
compounds, belonging to the derivatives of
isoxalopyrazolopyridines was synthesized and their
antidote activity both in the laboratory and field
experiments was studied. The compounds with a high
antidote effect were found
The present work describes the chemical synthesis of
poly-N,N-diallyl pyrrolidinium bromide and polyN,N-diallyl
morpholinium bromide - high-molecular
compounds containing quaternary nitrogen atoms,
which included in two five- and/or six-membered
heterocyclic rings. These polymers are perspective
modifiers for industrially produced anion-exchange
membranes, the use of which should significantly
improve the resistance to degradation of the
membranes at over-limiting current regimes. The
structure of obtained polymers was characterized by
FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The optimal
reaction conditions, which increase the yield of desired
products, were defined. It is shown that is preferable to
use 1-butanol as a solvent and benzoyl peroxide as an
initiator