The ecological state of soil on the globe is unstable.
Intensification of agricultural production is
accompanied by negative trends in changes in soil
fertility. One of the most important indicators of soil
fertility is its structural state. With a long time
cultivation of grapes in one place, the physical
properties of the soil deteriorate. The purpose of our
research is to study the process of destruction of soil
structure during the cultivation of vineyards. The
object of research is the soils of plots of various
agricultural uses (vineyards, field crop rotation, forest
belts). The research methods used in the work are
route-field surveys, a laboratory study of the waterphysical
properties of the soil. The article presents the
data of the structural-aggregate composition of the soil
from plots of various agricultural uses. From the data
given, it can be seen that the soil occupied by the vine
plantations is characterized by a poor structure and low
structure of the arable horizon. The share of
agronomically valuable aggregates is 40.4%, the
structural coefficient is 0.68 units, while in the forest
belt this figure is 5.7 units. The increased mechanical
load on the soil during the cultivation of vineyards
leads to a deterioration in the physical properties of the
soil. Soil with low indicators of physical condition is
more susceptible to erosion processes, such as water
and wind erosion. Water erosion annually causes great
damage to agricultural lands throughout the world. The
article clearly demonstrates and scientifically
substantiated the negative effect of the system of soil
content of vineyards on the type of black steam. Also
proposed are ways to reduce the mechanical load on
the soil and prevent the development of degradation
processes in the soils of vineyards
In the conditions of the two-factor field experiment,
the influence of four methods of incorporating straw in
the soil on the rice yield was studied: plowing, one-,
two- and three-time discs and three ways of
"processing" the straw: embedding in the soil of the
chopped straw in its pure form, together with
compensating nitrogen fertilizer and inoculated stubble
biodestructor Stemix ® Niva. It is shown that the
lowest yield is formed when straw is plowed, while
surface tillage of soil by one-, two- and three-fold
discs significantly increases the grain yield in
comparison with the plow by 2.4, 4.2 and 5.2 c / ha,
respectively. Taking into account that the double
disking provided an almost twice increase in the yield
of the crop and the absence of statistically significant
differences with the triple disking; it is this method of
incorporating the straw that should be considered the
most expedient. The introduction of a compensating
nitrogen fertilizer ensured a reliable increase in yield
by 5.1 and 3.7 centners per hectare in comparison with
the variants with the introduction of straw in pure form
and treatment with biopreparation. Calculation of the
share of the influence of the factors studied on the rice
yield showed that the method for embedding straw
provides 29.9% of the variability of the trait under
study, the method of straw treatment is 36.7%, and the
residual dispersion accounts for 33.4%. Incorporation
of chopped rice straw in the soil together with
compensating nitrogen fertilizer in the amount of 1%
of the mass of straw, by double discing, ensured the
receipt of a conventionally net income of 6940 rubles /
ha, the rate of return - 70.4% and the cost recovery -
1.7 rubles / rub
The dependence of the productivity of the Riesling
Rennel vineyards and the quality of table wine from it
under the conditions of the Anapa-Taman Winegrowing
Zone was studied. It is established that the
vineyards of the Riesling Rhine variety are planted
with the highest yield, planted according to the
scheme of 3.5x1 m. In this embodiment, at a density
planting shrubs 2857 pcs. / Ha, the yield of grapes was
the highest - 131.4 c / ha. Maximum accumulation of
sugars in the grapes observed in the variants with a
width of 2.5 m aisle highest extract content from
different wine stocks options with row spacing of 2.5
m where the amount of extractables amounted to 17.1
- 19.2 g / dm3
. The increase in the total concentration
of aromatic compounds of up to 540 mg / dm 3
helps
to improve the quality of white table wine, and further
growth of aromatics to 1090 mg / dm3
- it reduces the
organoleptic evaluation. High tasting marks (7.88-8.29
points) received wine materials from sites having a
spacing of 3.5 m. Thus, considering the quality of the
wine, the cost of planting material, laying and care of
vineyards, it is worth considering the 3.5x1 planting
scheme , 5 m more suitable for the production of
quality table wines in the Black Sea agroecological
zone of viticulture in the south of Russia
The article analyzes the experience of zoning of
territory of the Bryansk region on the main factors of
erosion to select the measures to combat it. The
Bryansk region in its present borders, mainly
representing the middle course of the Desna river, has
been considered safe in relation to erosion. The
existing zoning is based on the quantitative
characteristics of the processes of erosion that
primarily allowed us to assess the scale of their impact
on nature and the region's economy. The erosion
zoning was performed on the basis of the map of
erosion-prone land. As a result of study and analysis of
all natural factors of erosion and land of the region
under study the regularities of distribution of land
erosion and intensity of spring rainfall and soil erosion
are detected. Under the leadership of Filin V. I., a
survey of the ravines of the region was conducted and
made the scheme of erosion zoning, according to
which the region is divided into three areas. It is
noteworthy Horinas E. V. research. When divided into
areas it was taken into consideration the need for each
of them specific actions to combat the causes and
consequences of erosion in relation to the peculiarities
of the latter in each district. According to the intensity
of the erosion processes and physico-geographical
zoning of the Bryansk region and the nature of
agricultural land use, specialists of the Bryansk branch
of the Institute "Rosgiprozem" produced erosion
zoning of the territory of the region, which highlighted
seven erosion regions. From the variety of methods for
zoning, the most appropriate in our view are created,
based on the estimated small-scale (medium-scale)
maps of erosion of land, capable of performing the
function diagrams of erosion zoning
In the conditions of middle valley of the Lena River on
the cryogenic, inundated, cespitose and chernozemic
soils different steppe communities differently react on
dietary regime. Herb-grass phytocenosis at organic
dietary regime is reformed in cereal phytocenosis with
the contents of cereals to 76% and bean types 19% of
dry basis with productivity to 20 centner of hectare of
dry basis. At the same time the efficiency of the
improved phytocenosis was on charge exchange
energy of 17,3 mega joule of hectare, feed units 1032
and a crude protein of 247 kilo of hectare. The whetgrasses
phytocenosis has provided productivity to
19,4 centner of hectare and the content of perevarimy
protein in 1 feed unit up to 118 gram. So the most
effective for the steppe meadows is using complex
fertilizer (humus of 20 tons of hectare + N60P60K60),
increasing the productivity twice with a high quality of
food
An experiment has been carried out on the effect of
germination of seeds with perlite on the improvement
of the growth force of rye Vyatka-2. The purpose of
the experiment was to study the effect of perlite on
the growth force of seeds under the conditions of
additional fertilizers and changing the volume water
during irrigation. The task of the work was to
determinate the growth force of seeds with perlite.
The growth force of the seeds was determined after
10 days in sprouted seeds in five samples in glass
vessels with three different moisture conditions. It
was proved that germination of seeds with perlite
increased the seed growth force up to 28% in
comparison with seeds grown in sand (a control
sample). The result also depended on decreasing of
humidity rate up to 30-40%
The results of the study farm «Zavet Ilyicha» JSC,
Leningrad district of Krasnodar region, are presented
in article to study the role of rolling phosphorus in soil
samples, organic fertilizers and grain output of winter
wheat. We examined the relationship between the
content of phosphorus in the soil and fertilizers are
introduced and subsequently with the quality of the
harvest of grain. To receive high harvests of crops,
primarily need adequate amounts of phosphorus in
soils in an accessible form. The next important step is
the use of different fertilizers (mineral and organic)
under crops. Without the use of fertilizers cannot
return key for plants of nutrients, such as phosphorus,
nitrogen and sodium in the soil, since agricultural
products makes the nutrients. What dose of fertilizer
use and profitable forms of these fertilizers, solves
every household depending on culture, soil, climate
and economy. We received during the research the
following results: for 4 year average contents of
phosphorus in soils of agro-landscape in General, au
pairs amounted to 27.2–31.4 mg/kg. Average levels of
phosphorus in the soils crop rotation fields amounted
to 26.9 and 30.9 mg/kg. Maximum values amounted to
115.0 mg/kg, while the minimum is about 3.0 mg/kg.
Also conducted analyses on the contents of rolling
phosphorus in manure polupereprevshem pigs and
cattle. Marked by a very significant gap in content of
phosphorus, which is associated with significant
differences in their feeding. In grain of winter wheat
for 4 years, phosphorus content accounted for at an
average of 3.41 g/kg; minimum and maximum
performance from 2.35 to 4.47 g/kg, in 2012.
Compared with 2012 phosphorus concentrations in
grain of winter wheat has gradually increased to 2015,
and accounted for 3.47 g/kg with minimum and
maximum thresholds ranging from 2.05 to 4.89 g/kg
In peach orchards of the Russian humid subtropics, leaf curl is the most dangerous and harmful disease. Due to the high degree of danger from the peach leaf curl, for the first time in this region the main task was to analyze peach leaf curl development on weather conditions. In order to solve the problem, it is proposed to apply a new innovative intellectual technology: automated system-cognitive analysis (ASK-analysis) and its software tools - the “Eidos” system. In order to build the model, based on our own observations and the experience of Russian and foreign colleagues, it was decided to use the following factors: the sum of temperatures above +4 ° C of the current year (for the period from January to April), the sum of temperatures above +4 ° C of the previous year (for the whole year), the sum of precipitation of the current year (for the period from January to April), the sum of precipitation of the previous year (for the whole year), the number of hours of infection (in the current year). It was established that such factors as the number of hours of infection, the sum of temperatures above +4 ° C in April and during the period from January to April, as well as the sum of precipitation in March and April, are the most important in the dynamics of peach leaf curl development and spread. High rates of leaf curl spread and development are caused by the number of hours of infection in the range of 1440 ... 2064 hours, as well as by low air temperatures in March and April (the sum of temperatures above +4 °C – 89,4-240,4° and 283,7-316,7°, respectively) and high air temperatures - in January and February (the sum of temperatures above +4 ° C – 155,3-259,6° and 243,5-280,1°, respectively)
The steady development of modern pig farming
dictates the need for new priorities, opportunities and
requirements, such as reducing harmful environmental
impacts, more efficient use of resources, and provision
of comfortable conditions for the pig housing. The
creation of an appropriate ITS BAT in the branch will
optimize the activity of agricultural pig breeding
enterprises due to the transition to performance of
requirements based on BAT technological parameters,
to solve the problem of energy efficiency, import
substitution and increase of competitiveness. Their
integration will have an effect not only on improving
the ecological state of the environment, but also on the
economy of agricultural enterprises providing a new
approach to agricultural activity
Currently, due to the risk of global warming because
of increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere, carbon-deposit function of forest
ecosystems, thanks to which stabilization of gas
composition of the atmosphere takes place, has great
importance [1]. Forest is one of the main components
of the biosphere. Forests protect soil from erosion,
provide stability hydrological regime of rivers, supply
atmosphere with oxygen, biologically active
substances, purify of harmful impurities, create
optimal environmental conditions and play an
important environmental role. However, because of
intensive anthropogenic influence (unregulated
logging, technogenic environmental pollution
recreation) forest ecosystems are experiencing stresses
at which irreversible processes of degradation of
communities of economically valuable main forestforming
species of both natural and artificial origin
take place [6]. Evaluating carbon-deposit function of
forest plantations, CO2 emissions to the atmosphere
through the soil respiration must be taken into account,
which can vary within wide limits. Productivity of
forests is largely driven by carbon dioxide, released
from the soil. Soil carbon dioxide provides demand of
forest plants for photosynthesis. With increasing
intensity of soil respiration, positive balance is
maintained [2]. Based on the method of V.I. Tarankov
for evaluation of carbon-deposit and oxygen-producing
functions of wood cenoses [2], similar research is
carried out in RSI "Kuban forestry", the KarachayCherkessia
Republic