The article deals with the problem of assessing the
quality of land settlements of Krestetsky uyezd in
Novgorod province since the time of cadaster
descriptions of Novgorod land to fieldworks of
Russian soil scientists. The comparative aspect studies
information of cadastres in the middle of the XVI
century, Economic notes to the General landsurveying
of the Russian Empire in the second half of
the XVIII century and "Soil and Geological essay of
Krestetsky uyezd" at the beginning of the XX century.
Due to this research a database included information
about the settlements having existed in the territory for
centuries, with the description of land quality and
fertility was compiled. The analysis revealed that
according to field studies, mechanical and physical
composition of soils in Krestetsky uyezd within the
same soil type was very diverse. General land
surveying described soil based on the predominance of
muddy substances, sand or clay, but at the same time
the characteristic of grain yields played an important
role. In the XVI century the categories of good,
medium and poor lands could have the lands with the
same composition of the soil, and the probability of it
was especially strengthened by the prevalence of
certain soils in the region. However, at the micro level
of individual settlements of graveyards certain
regularities in land assessment shown in the objective
signs that can be identified on the country are traced.
The graveyards of Derevskaya pyatina included in
Krestezkiy uyezd deals with such objective indicators
as worsening assessment of the quality of land
including the availability of various types of clay
which are subsoils of many local soils
The authors have devoted some of its controversial aspects,
which have been going on for decades in the scientific
community, namely, the time-frame of the Civil War, its
causes and about the time of its beginning. In addition to
these issues, the article is considered the relationship
between the socialist parties and their participation in the
civil war, the role of foreign intervention in the case of
incitement to war and, finally, the reasons of the defeat of
the White movement. The authors did not set out to
elaborate on all four stages of the civil war, and focused on
the examination of its first phase, covering the period from
the end of May to November 1918. The main object of
consideration the question arose about the beginning of the
Civil War. The authors dwell on the various points of view
expressed in this historical science, argues with those of
them who, in their opinion, do not withstand scientific
scrutiny. They speculate about details of alternative
embodiments of the historical process, try to consider the
option that could have been avoided civil war, if there was a
coalition of socialist parties and come to the conclusion that
such a coalition was impossible and it looks ephemeral. The
authors dwell on the consideration of the role that is played
in the raging civil fratricidal war, foreign intervention. They
rightly point out that it is military intervention exacerbated
and intensified civil war, has extended its time frame, the
number of dead and wounded, even more glowing civil and
class hatred
The article deals with the problem of transgression of
Kazakhs of Bukey horde on the territory of Lower
Volga frontier. Transgression of the frontier territory is
a way to adapt to the new conditions of existence. The
author pays attention to Bukey horde, where the new
frontiry space is formed by the interaction of the
various ethnic groups. Having come to the new land,
and interacted with the Russian people and the Russian
authorities, the Kazakhs turned out in the alien cultural
landscape. Kazakhs` mentality is being changed
against the background of the collapsing patriarchal
way of life. Bukeyev inhabitants life was transformed
by the alteration of social norms. The way of life of
Bukey Horde was changed and they had to adapt to
new realities. The author of the article gives examples
of Kazakhs` transgression using archival date
This article deals with actual problems of the national
structure of Kalmyk people in 1930-s years based on
legislative documents and also problems of
development and the adoption of the first Constitution
of Kalmyk USDA (1937). The article focuses on the
main features of this research. The adoption of the
basic law of the Kalmyk republic was a big step in the
social and political life in Kalmykia and in its
constitutional history. This document included
fundamental principles of the «constitution of
proletariat government», peculiarities of Russian social
class development, aims and objectives of national
political structure in the Russian Federation. The basic
law of the Kalmyk USDA was created on the basis of
principles of the Constitution of the USSR and the
Constitution of the RSFSR. The law secured social and
government order of the Soviet Kalmykia. The
procedure of governing and composition, the
competence and authorities are disclosed and the work
of the Supreme council of the Kalmyk USDA as the
highest representative and legislative body in the
context of the basic law of the Kalmyk republic. In the
Constitution of the republic rights and freedom of
nationals are fully reflected in accordance with the
constitutional principles of the USSR. Finally the
author concludes that in the administrative command
system the basic features of rights and freedom of the
peoples of the USSR in practice were not respected
The offered article considers one of key problems of
the Soviet history. It is an activity of governing
bodies of the national economy in the period of the
New Economic Policy in separately taken region —
the Republic of Kalmykia. As a result of a research it
is shown how archival materials and separate types of
sources are used in studying of the designated
problems, how the revealed sources interact between
themselves in research works. The publication of new
archival documents and their variety demonstrate that
the new milestone begins in studying problems of
governing bodies. It is connected not so much with
specific updating of documents as with change of a
technique of the analysis. The main attention begins
to be paid to subjective factors and circumstances. In
this regard further development of source base in
studying of system of governing bodies in Kalmykia
will be defined by modern ideas of the place and a
role of the historical document in understanding of
the past
This article reviews the summary of the annual reports
of the Horde branch of the Astrakhan chamber for state
property and Management of the Kalmyk people,
1848-1892. The Author gave a detailed analysis of the
serving duties of the Kalmyks who had the power de
jure, on the basis of extensive factual material. It
contains data on payment of taxes charged by the
administration and established by the following
legislative acts: by regulations on the management of
the Kalmyk people dated 1834 and regulations for the
management of the Kalmyk people dated April 23,
1847. The difference between these legislative acts
was in determining the size of the duties. The
administration was primarily interested in the total
amount of salary collections and arrears for each type
of individual duty and also as a whole across the
steppe. Due to the specificity the analysis doesn’t show
the whole picture of the duties which came under the
control of the administration, not to mention those who
were outside its competence. The reports represent
accounts for the annual collection of arrears for each of
the duties individually and also in the aggregate. The
so-called statistics of the okladnoy and neokladnoy
taxable estate is conditional in nature
Occupation of the Soviet territory by German fascist
invaders during the Great Patriotic War caused
considerable damage. The Soviet Government
developed legal and regulatory framework for the
methods of assessment of damage. The purpose of this
article is to analyze the legal framework, by the
example of a regulatory act according to which
calculation of damage to the collective farms in the
occupied territories during World War II was made.
The NKVD instruction "On the procedure of
collecting, recording and storage of documentary
materials relating to the atrocities, destruction, looting
and violence of the German authorities in the
occupied Soviet areas" was adopted in May 1942.
Based on the instruction, and under orders of the
NKVD in Elista, events to identify and collect
materials that characterize the crimes of Hitler's
government were carried out. According to these
instructions, materials reflecting Nazi atrocities were
subjected to the mandatory deposit of the State
Archives. The paper gives summary quantitative data
on the results of assessment of damage caused during
the occupation period in August 8, 1942 to January
20, 1943
One of the actual directions of studying the history in
modern world is the history of day-to-day life.
Studying the industrial day-to-day life of builders on
shock Komsomol building let us analyze their
problems and the ways to solve them. The author
gives the economic and political pre-conditions of
organizing the patronage under the building of
industrial objects on the South Ural. The concept
“shock Komsomol building” and the classification of
buildings are given. The main objects of Komsomol
patronage which were situated on the territory of
Orenburg area at that time are enumerated. The
problems of women working at the building are
viewed on the materials of Orenburg area. On the
basis of archives the per cent ratio of youth and
women working on the building is given. The
industrial facts influencing on their socialization are
examined. The main attention is given to the
characteristics of industry, providing the builders with
sanitary and domestic conditions of the objects and
uniforms. The important aspect was also maintenance
of safety measures on the building. The hard work of
women who did not have the building education is
stressed. The main spheres of professional
employment of women on the building are
enumerated
In the article, we can analyze the participation of
Kalmik trade unions in ensuring workers’ labor
protection and safety engineering in 1970-ies. The
sources of the article base are the documents of
National archive of the Kalmyk Republic. The analysis
of the large documental material showed that in
1970ies the trade unions began to study deeper the
question of making better the conditions of work, more
often raised the questions of labor protection at the
meetings of workers committees, drew the community
to this work. Kalmik trade unions organizations paid
serious attention to safety engineering and industry
sanitation, achieved such condition that the workers
were completely provided with overalls, means of
individual protection, they demanded absolute
mechanization of hard processes, fought for high
culture of manufacture. In spite of trade-union
organizations of the republic did definite work about
putting in order in cause of fulfillment of labor laws,
the situation did not change
The article deals with the forms of agitation and mass
art, the creation of which was authorized by the
Bolsheviks in the 20ies of the XX century for effective
advocacy activities. It is noted, that agitation and mass
art is one of the most important and effective means of
policies and has played a huge role in the establishment
of Soviet power. Propaganda direction was manifested
in the both of drawing and painting and was aimed at the
formation of a new proletarian thinking in a socialist
society. It is stated, that the content of works of art is
determined, above all, by the military-political situation
that prevailed in the 20-ies. It is shown, that in the works
of art displayed figures of the new revolutionary themes,
events and characters, but also significant presence of
the image of the new man - working men and women,
sailors, soldiers, peasants was traced. Festive decoration
of cities and towns, from the capital to the smallest
provincial towns was filled with agitation and
propaganda content. The conclusion is that artistic and
political design of squares, streets, public buildings
should help to create a festive mood, increase
employment, ideological and socio-political activity of
the workers. In general, new forms of agitation and
propaganda were created through art, by turning the
novelty of content, depth of the emotional impact,
thematic literacy and specificity for the necessary
psychological mood of society during the study period