The problem of transition from the abstract and general dialectics to the concrete and common theory of development, the problem of diachronic of dialectic and synergetic cognition’s culture in the context of comporation between the philosophic and natural science are discussed in the article. The hypothese of cosmologic singularity the birth of tte world from «nothing» and the role of «dark materia» in the developing’s process of our Universe are also described. The author points out on the features of synergy, which using the linearity аnd nonlinearity in the theory expresses the aspects of material unity of the world, linked to the general properties of self-development of complex systems. The universe is seen as a dissipative system with periodically removable elements (elementary dissipative systems). The spontaneous disbalance of symmetry and the appearance of new physical forms of existence are characteristic for the elementary parts. The order? The symmetry and the spontaneous disorder in the symmetry are the phenomena of self-organization of the material. The scientific results which we found with the quantum theory of field, can give us the theoretical descriotions of such forms of existence that’s why the structural unity in all levels of materia can be explained in the quantum and field image of the world
The article shows the distinctive features of biological and cognitive approaches to the study of the origin and evolution of language. Their advantages in understanding and explaining of the individual foundations of language faculty are considered. The study shows that these approaches do not take into account the socio-cultural and supra-individual nature of language and its close evolutionary and functional relation with communication in nature and society. The paper argues that the aim of many researchers to find specific genes of language or special cognitive linguistic ‘modules’ are achievable only in part due to systems and social nature of language, which cannot be reduced to any individual innate or acquired abilities. Nevertheless, biological and cognitive foundations should not be excluded from the system analysis of the language and have to be studied in their integrity with other sign systems (mathematic, expressive means of art, writing system, non-verbal communication, etc.). The article also discusses new insights into the theory of evolution and their applicability to the study of the origin and development of language (in particular, the problem of gradualistic/abrupt emergence of language). It is argued that the question of the "abrupt", "punctuated" evolution of language cannot be "Darwin's problem", as a number of modern scholars believe. As an alternative to the evolution of language on the basis of "macromutations" it is offered the concept of socio-cultural evolution model based on an understanding of language as a supra-individual, sociocultural sign system that develops due to the cumulative nature of culture and plasticity of individual development
The article is devoted to the well-known American logician and teacher A. Korzybski, the activity of which was aimed at enhancing the human psyche in the direction of non-identification and non-elementalizm. He called the proposed section of the science of General semantics, and later he created Institute of General semantics in the United States. Scientists believe that human consciousness is limited by the capability of the nervous system and by the use of language. Korzybski supposed his pedagogical purpose to teach people to improve the awareness of abstraction, the ability to see the structure, not only empirical fact. To distinguish between the structures of abstraction it introduces the concept of «map» - a diagram model, any ideological system, all that is formulated people. Korzybski denies the law of identity, which is a global challenge to the laws of thinking: «Whatever you say the thing is, it isn’t». He uses this idea not as a universal code, but as a teaching method for people able to find the way to think under conditions of uncertainty and probability. It is so called «modus operandi» for changing people’s way of thinking. In his work, Science and Sanity, he presents his technique; develop an understanding of his «non-aristotelian» system, which includes the incertainty, nonlocality, nonlinearity, the dependence of the environment. In this regard, it offers every statement be considered as a probability. So every statement must be considered as a probabilistic statement. A. Korzybsky and some modern scientists see the permanent uncertainty not like a problem but a tremendous opportunity for creation and research. In «non-aristotelian» Korzybsky’s theory we have to see the opportunity as the first reality and personal activity as the best language
The article revises the classical nature/culture opposition from the point of new discoveries and studies of "cultural traditions" that were found in nature in different species (bees, ants, birds, monkeys, etc.). Special attention is given to the socially mediated mechanisms of inheritance and learning, considered particular cognitive foundations of cultural traditions. A number of studies have shown that the main feature of culture that exists in the human community is its cumulative nature. Cumulativeness is characterized by the ability to social development that is based on the consideration, accumulation and improvement of the achievements of previous generations and on distributed actions resulting from the increasing complexity of knowledge and social activities. Considering examples of the origin and development of means of communication, creation of new tools and "technology" of their usage, scientists show that small cumulative effects are presented in nature. In this regard, the work moderates categorical statements, according to which "cultural traditions" in nature have only accumulative and no cumulative characteristics. The article shows the necessary individual cognitive prerequisites for the origin of such cumulative culture. It is also argued that for an explanation of that origin the study of the social grounds of the communication are required, furthermore, there is necessity to take into account the various manifestations of "social intelligence" that is significant for formation of inter-subjective knowledge and "social memory". It is presupposed that the cumulative nature of the evolution is essential not only for sociocultural but also for other genetic and non-genetic inheritance systems
The article is devoted to the analysis of representations of hierarchical structure of the universe in ancient Greek mythic-epic tradition. In the research there was shown that the myth reflects the main program of interpretation of main principles of the universe by a man in its structure; the Chaos in itself possesses the generative power and forms an order from itself but the hierarchy appears together with the formation of the order-outer space. The first deities – Gaea and born from her Uranus, mountains, Pontus, - possess the great power and in the first place, the power of generation. From works of Gomer and Gesiodus we ascertained that the history of gods was connected with the fight of children with the father-sovereign. One generation of gods became that support on which the other stands. The third generation of gods is sovereigns in greater extent than another one. The generation of Titans is implacable but lives according to unlimited forces of nature. Titans are unbridled. Gods-Olympians, on contrary, have the relation to conscious restriction. Gods of the third generation possess passions: love, hate. However, Olympians as well as humans must submit to transcendental law of the universe. Gods of the third generation join to the rationale. The order of the universe submitted to the law – Destiny is disseminated in human community. Power as an accidental of initial hierarchy gives itself in hands of that who can submit its will to absolute power of Destiny. The legitimacy of power is determined by initial hierarchy of the universe
The problem of correlation of senses and notions in the science, their substitution and the birth of so-called pseudo knowledge is the issue which is more than ever burning in our times of perturbations and big changes. Biological sciences could not avoid these problems as well. All the more so because they stayed for many years under significant pressure of the ruling ideology of those times, of the state and of the governing party machineries. That is exactly why Darwinism as such requires a profound analysis in terms of contemporary achievements of the science, inclusive of philosophy. The analysis of knowledge which is available now and has been accumulated for many centuries of development of the biological science allows finding logical contradictions, possible substitutions of sense platforms, i.e. the birth of pseudo knowledge, which needs to be ascertained and suppressed. The appearance of such branch of the science as biophilosophy exceedingly aggravated the situation due to a number of big methodological shortcomings of this branch which still remains to be a non-science. As it cannot facilitate studying the organic world and, the other way round, even confuses such studying by applying an anthropomorphous matrix to the world, while the ethic and the aesthetic cannot only be attributed to the human mind, the situation becomes pretty complicated. At the same time, the philosophic envelope of the biological science is often filled with various kinds of ideology which makes no contribution to the objectivity of knowledge
Studying the archetype of elitism is extremely important to correctly assess the direction of historical development of the state. This provides the possibility for reasonable buildup of the state domestic and foreign policy and presents the base for constructive development of the methodology of scientific cognition in the field of politology, philosophy and history. However, as the human is a complex biological system, many aspects of the human social activities are based on and conditioned by genetic potential of the human. The study provides definition of the elite and elite communities. It sais that the whole course of the history is eventually a positive or a negative interaction of elites. Nevertheless, the appearance and functioning of any elite is only possible and understandable in the context of some particular civilization, country or in a specific period of time. If the elites are taken out of the historical context, they get a nonmaterial and mythical status. If the archetype of elitism already moving along the time axis for many hundreds and even thousands of years is present, now we can observe the qualitative change of the contemporary elite along with the change of its functions and its purpose itself. On the one hand, we can observe the process of old elites degeneration; on the other hand – new elite formations keep to appear which can be essentially different from their antecedents and have other functions and purpose
Creation of a new educational institution is always a big event. However, educational institutions do not use to appear in a spontaneous and unexpected way. Such appearance requires public necessity and expedience. In this very way, the institute of veterinary was created in Vitebsk in its time in 1924 and later transformed to Vitebsk State Academy of Veterinary Medicine which became one of the leading higher schools in this industry in USSR and the only educational institution in this specialty in the Republic of Belarus. The article covers such aspects of the academy work as involving students in the scientific activities and the book culture. Another issue of the article is development of auxiliary departments, such as economics, politology and philosophy, economic history and theory, computer literacy, the work of which make an indispensable contribution to education of a comprehensively developed specialist capable of professional growth and improvement. Vitebsk State Academy of Veterinary Medicine, with due regard for the experience accumulated by it, is the leader in formation of highly educated and skilled specialists in the field of veterinary medicine and biotechnology and in training of comprehensively competent experts as well, who have got noble moral and ethical principles and obtained substantial knowledge in humanities, who can convert this knowledge from theory into practice as appropriate
It is interesting for interdisciplinary understanding of game phenomena, how the concept of the game discourse can operate in different non-playing contexts. Researching of game concept allows tracing the figurative conceptualization knowledge of this universal phenomenon. The author uses a lot of examples to prove that game phenomenon represents itself in a language and has been reflected in the mind of people. It is shown, that lingvo-culturological concept of the game has more productive metaphorical rethinking. We single out the most important characteristics of game, explain some imaginations about gaming, explicate dominant sense of game freedom, its choice, imitation, dynamic and emotional stress, agonistic, risk, unpredictability and others attribute the symptoms. Represented contexts of usage also illustrate communicative and social components of gaming behavior. Dominant meanings, key ideas, that unite viewed image, actualize basic principles that are typical for the game phenomenon in common, and the specific characteristics of different types of games (sport, children, gambling, theater, computer, etc.)
There was always a duality: the power – elite. In the
Russian Empire it was the nobility. The service was
not simply and not so much the policy tool, it
reorganized also sluzhily estate that in turn made
impact on the state institutes. The ruling class was
consolidated that allowed to reach compromises with
the government which realized many requirements of
the nobility connected with service and rewarding for
it managed to reconstruct significantly service not to
the detriment of its intensity. On the other hand the
power not always looked for compromise options. And
the elite answered it with the same. Further these
relations were transformed and developed already on
other social substratum, and other economic
component. Considering history of development and
functioning in historical space of elite of the Russian
Empire, and then and the USSR, it should be noted the
similar regularities arising at their movement in time.
First of all it is the instability of elite generating their
split, and then and split of society that leads to
different revolutionary shocks. Economic regulation of
activity of elite at the time of the Empire not only
didn't yield long-term positive results, but, on the
contrary, were a step to devaluation of elite of that
time, and further – to destructive revolutions. Thus, the
conducted research allows to present more accurately
need in all ways to try to avoid repetition of similar
situations in the future