The results of laboratory experiments on the effect of different concentrations of SkQ3 (10- (6'- methylplastoquinonyl) decyltriphenylphosphonium) on the rate of growth of spring barley seedlings of varieties Sokol and winter wheat varieties Kalym in normal and under inadequate moisture conditions, as well as data from field experiments on the effect of pre-sowing processing SkQ3 on the morphometric indices of spring barley varieties Shhedry, hard winter wheat of the Lazurite variety and soft winter wheat of the Lydia variety are presented. As a result of laboratory experiments, an increase in the growth rate of 14-day-old seedlings grown in solutions of polyethylene glycol was shown when treating the seeds with 2.5 nM and 25 nM with SkQ3 solutions.
In the field experiments on the pre-sowing treatment of SkQ3 seeds, an increase in the morphometric indices of spring barley varieties of generic Lydia soft winter wheat and hard Lazurite winter wheat has been established, as well as an increase in the yield of winter wheat of both varieties as compared to the control
The results of the researches on studying of grape plantings processing influence of technical grade Viorika on its agrobiological and technological indicators are stated in the article. Experiences have been conducted in public joint-stock company "Pobeda" in Temrjuksky area in Krasnodar territory. The experience scheme included three variants in 2015: without processings (control); Farmaiodne - 0,04 %; Farmaiodne - 0,06 %; in 2016 - five variants: without processings (control); Farmaiodne - 0,04 %; Farmaiodne - 0,05 %; Farmaiodne - 0,06 %; Farmaiodne - 0,08 %. Processing of experimented plants included autumn and spring bushes washing in resting period (November-April) and spraying during the vegetation period. In 2015 spraying were conducted three times: before flowering, in a growth phase of berries, in the beginning of berries maturing phase; in 2016 the fourth spraying was added after the flowering. It is noticed, that application of Farmaiodne promotes more intensive accumulation of sugars in berries juice, acceleration of crop maturing, improvement of winematerials quality. The increasing of sprouts fruitfulness and increasing in average weight of a bunch is observed, that finally leads to authentic crop increasing in a bush and productivity. Application of Farmaiodne also has positive impact on growing processes, promoting increase in sprouts length and sometimes on thickness. According to the mixture of agrobiological and technological indicators the best results are received at the application in concentration of 0,05 % and 0,06%
The article deals with the realization of the re-productive potential of wheat with the use of multi-flower formation as a model object of winter soft wheat plants. The essence of the concept of "reproductive potential" is disclosed, as well as the significance of this concept for research aimed at increasing the productivity of wheat plants. The data obtained during the study and analysis of varieties of winter soft wheat with the sign of multi-flower formation are given. The reproductive potential of winter soft wheat plants was determined by counting flowers at the VI stage of organogenesis. The examined multi-flower forms of soft winter wheat compared with Krasnodar breeding varieties showed increased reproductive potential, as well as an increased number of grains with the ear, but with a reduced mass of 1000 grains. According to the data obtained, the degree of the reproductive potential of multi-flower forms of winter soft wheat varied significantly, depending on the weather and climate conditions of the year of the study. In conclusion, the choice of multi-flower formation of winter soft wheat as a model object for investigating the reproductive potential of wheat, as well as the factors that influence its implementation and the extent of such influence is justified
This article discusses the results of research on the effect of soil treatment on agro-physical performance and productivity of major field crops. The task of the research was to determine the impact of primary tillage (moldboard plowing), surface treatment (minimum) and zero (direct seeding) is factor A, fertilizers – B, and herbicides as factor C for agro-physical properties of soil. We have found that high density led to a significant increase in the proportion of the stone faction in the structural composition of the soil. Deterioration of the agro-physical properties while minimizing soil tillage has negatively affected water, air and food regimes under crops rotation. When all methods of soil tillage are applied, the moisture reserves in the 0-200 cm layer in early spring had the lowest values of moisture-holding capacity (230-272 mm) and were defined by the features of weather conditions and past cultures. At the time of sowing, their number decreased by 12% (203-241 mm). The most economical way of spending moisture was shown by plants on the moldboard tillage. In autumn, fewer weeds (7-11 PCs/m2) there were in the options for ploughing. When the surface and zero ways of soil treatments were applied, their number for 1 m2 was 1.2-1.9 times bigger. We effectively eliminated weeds only when applying herbicides. Different crop cultures reacted differently to minimizing the tillage. The greatest reduction in yield was observed when applied surface and zero tillage in cultivated crops. Thus, studies have shown that in order to obtain maximum yields of field crops of crop rotation, reducing production costs, there must be a rational combination of deep or conventional plough tillage for surface or zero tilled for grain crops
To develop new promising soybean growth regulators, we have synthesized series of derivatives of nitrogen-containing heterocycles. Synthesized compounds have been studied as potential soybean growth regulators. Substances with a high growth stimulating effect have been found. The growth regulators affected the branching coefficient, the number of seeds in the beans and their weight. The yield increased by 6.7-23.4%, the quality of grain increased
Chromium in soils is represented by the following forms of connections: 1) stationary; 2) strongly bound in the composition of primary and partially secondary clay minerals, with one and a half aluminum and iron hydroxides; 3) exchange bound on the surface of one-and-a-half oxides and clay minerals; 4) associated with organic matter of soils; 5) water-soluble compounds. The gross chromium content (70.1-78.3 mg/kg) in leached chernozem is well below clark soils of the world (100 mg/kg). The share of mobile, acid-soluble and acid-insoluble forms of the element compounds is 0.01, respectively; 7.09 and 92.9 % of its gross content. After three rotations of 11-full grain-grass-tillage crop rotation without mineral fertilizers, the chromium content in leached chernozem has not undergone significant changes, even to some extent there is a tendency of its reduction. This indicates the absence of serious natural sources of chromium in the soil. Scientifically-based system of fertilizers for agricultural crops does not lead to anthropogenic pollution of leached chernozem with chromium. The removal of this element with crop yields is compensated by its receipt in the form of ballast with mineral fertilizers
Distinctive features of seeds of Silybum marianum two varieties – the ‘Start’ and the ‘Debut’ on morphology are presented in the article and also data on influence of storage conditions on sowing qualities of seeds are submitted. Seeds of two varieties differ among themselves on coloring, a form and mass of 1000 seeds. The ‘Debut’ is characteristic sign of a variety existence of dark strips on a surface of seeds. Results of two years of tests have shown that during 1 year from the moment of collecting seeds energy of germination and viability gradually increases and reaches the maximum values in 12 months independently of storage conditions. The viability of seeds of the Silybum stored at the room temperature within 18 months decreases by 8,5-12,5%. As a result of an experiment it has been established that in the conditions of not heated room successful storage of seeds is possible not longer than one year, after that sowing qualities of seeds sharply decrease
In the conditions of the Northern and Southern foothill zones of the Krasnodar Territory, the soil preparation Reasil® Soil conditioner was tested to study its effect on the water – physical properties and structural state of the chernozem of ordinary and alluvial meadow soils. Field and field experiments were conducted in the Northern Zone when maize was cultivated in irrigation. The preparation was applied before sowing by the spreader "Amazone" under pre-sowing cultivation (to a depth of 12 cm) at a dose of 400 kg / ha. In the South foothill zone, the experiment was conducted on a crop – a seedling tomato. The preparation was applied before planting seedlings in a dose of 200 kg / ha. It was established that the application of meliorant did not significantly change the density and total porosity in the arable and subsoil layers of alluvial meadow soil, which was 1,46–1,47 g / cm3 and 44,3–44,5 %, respectively, with practically no pores occupied air (porosity of aeration). However, the use of ameliorant on this soil contributed to an increase in the content of agronomically valuable aggregates in the arable and subsoil horizons, respectively, by 15,9 and 22 %, and the sum of waterproof aggregates by 8,4 and 1,5 %. In the northern zone, when maize was grown, it was established that the application of meliorant did not significantly change the soil density and total porosity in the arable and subsoil layers of the chernozem plain, where it amounted to 1,29–1,32 g/cm3 and 51,6–51,5 % at rather high aeration porosity. The meliorative method reduced the content of agronomically valuable aggregates in the arable layer of chernozem by 15,4 % and increased their quantity in the subsoil horizon (1,4 %). The number of waterproof aggregates increased on the variant with the use of ameliorant, respectively, by 19,9 and 2,8 %
This overview and theoretical article deals with the consideration of hypothetical possibilities for the development of molecular-kinetic markers of agricultural plants allowing to quantify the effect of genotype-environment interaction on the basis of stability studies of mRNA. The development in view is based on the results of studies of the mRNA decay identity in vivo and in vitro (the ommp system), as well as the phenomenon of RNA interference (RNAi), widely studied in plants. The ommp system has allowed to establish the relationship of the cultivar-specific growth reaction to the effects of low positive temperatures, dehydration, salinity, illumination and biologically active substances with the stability of the total and a number of gene-specific mRNAs of green and etiolated seedlings of winter soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Similar studies of mRNA stability have been conducted on ripening grains of maize (Zea mays L.), with a particular result of the in vivo and in vitro decay identity confirmed for major mRNAs of stored proteins, 19 and 22 kDa zeins, of normal maize and mutant according to the regulatory gene opaque-2, changing the amount and stability of zein mRNA in the maturing grain of high-lysine maize. Regulatory response of the organism through RNAi is also multiple and includes neutralization of viral and bacterial infections, reaction to pathogens and biologically active substances, circadian rhythms, water stress, hypoxia, mechanical stress, mineral nutrition, salt stress and temperature changes. Unfavorable environmental influences result in an increase or decrease in the expression of certain microRNAs (miRNAs). The change in mRNA stability is an important component of the gene expression regulation system in eukaryotic cells. The main determinants of mRNA stability are in the 3'-untranslated region. It is the It is the (U)nА sequence and the degree of polyadenylation of mRNA, i.e. length of its terminal homonucleotide chain. It is to this region that mRNA molecules are complementary to miRNA. The most important component, which largely determines the regularity of the genotype-environment interaction, is the polyadenyl sequence at the 3 'end of the mRNA. Its length depends both on the genotype and on the environmental conditions. There is evidence that polyadenylation degree of mRNA determines the secondary structure of the molecule. As is known, deadenylation of mRNA reduces its lifetime, and when the poly-A-tail reaches several dozens of nucleotides, an explosive disintegration of the mRNA molecule occurs. Consequently, in a living cell the following mRNA decomposition scheme appears to be logical: shortening the poly-A-tail of the mRNA opens the sites of miRNA interaction with the 3'-non-coding region of the mRNA molecule, which causes its degradation. Thus, it is safe to assume that the interaction of mRNA and miRNA in the ommp system is the underlying process for molecular-kinetic markers under development
The article considers phenomenon of the formation of giant fruits in higher plants. As regards the size of plants, several positions are distinguished such as giant fruit, in a common habit, i.e. the size of the whole plant; depending on the harvest. Examples of different types of gigantism in plants are given. It is shown that since the ancient times the phenomenon of gigantism has been widespread. Various reasons for the appearance of abnormally large plants and fruits are considered, growth genes regulating the process of cell division and formation are given. The study of the connections between plant organs that conduct and consume the assimilant, redistribute and use carbon is easy in the concept of donor-acceptor relationships. As a model object for studying the growth of giant fruits, we have examined varieties of pumpkin called Cucurbita maxima. Thus, in a short period, a paradigm shift occurred. From surprise and enthusiasm for the gigantism of plants, the issue of cellular growth regulation, the criteria for evaluating the reproduction process, the search for links with the size, number of cells and their properties is become. New model objects have appeared, the analysis of images of plant giants has shown a unique visual resource on various objects. New knowledge about the growth of plants and the ability to regulate the process formed the basis for selection programs for obtaining vegetables with specified fruit parameters, which makes them competitive in the market nowadays