At present, databases of 27-year observations of various adverse weather conditions and dangerous hydrometeorological phenomena leading to social and economic losses on the territory of Russia are in full open free access. Some of these natural hazards also cause significant damage to agriculture, especially crop production, horticulture and viticulture. Therefore, a great scientific and practical interest is the intellectual analysis of these data, which will create more favorable conditions for the prediction of such adverse events and decision-making, taking into account their possible negative impact on human activity. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks, which are obtained by decomposition of the goal and are the stages of its achievement: Task 1: cognitive structuring of the subject area. Task 2: preparation of initial data and formalization of the subject area. Task 3: synthesis and verification of statistical and system-cognitive models and selection of the most reliable model. Task 4: solving problems in the most reliable model: - subtask 4.1. Forecasting (diagnostics, classification, recognition, identification); - subtask 4.2. Support decision-making; - sub-task 4.3. Study of the simulated subject area by studying its model (cognitive diagrams of classes and values of factors, agglomerative cognitive clustering of classes and values of factors, nonlocal neurons and neural networks, 3d-integral cognitive maps, cognitive functions). It is proposed to use automated system-cognitive analysis (ASC-analysis) to solve the tasks. The article provides a detailed numerical example illustrating the solution of all these problems
The article are present the planting dates influence on the onset dates of main development phases and seed yields of the winter rapeseed and camelina. The investigations were carried out in conditions of insufficient and unstable moistening on normal black earth in the Priazovsky zone of the Azov district of the Rostov region from 2013 to 2017 years. The rapeseed variety Loris, the rapeseed hybrid ES Neptune and the camelina variety Penzyak were selected for research in two-factor field experiments. It has been established that the guaranteed yield of winter cabbage oilseeds depends on the timing of the emergence phase and the autumn's weather conditions (the sum of the effective temperatures, humidification conditions) that affect the development of the root leaf rosette. The maximum seed yield was registered in the winter rapeseed variety Loris (4.33 t/ha) in the favorable season 2013-2014 years when was sowing in the second decade of September with an autumn vegetation period of 59 days and the sum of effective temperatures about 320° C. The optimal time for sowing of winter camelina variety Penzyak is first or second decade of September. The maximum seed yield (2.04 t / ha) was obtained in 2013-2014. when was sowing in the first ten days of September with an autumn vegetation period of 70 days and a sum of effective temperatures of 417° C. It was revealed that the seeds of this plant are capable of wintering in the soil and the renewal of vegetation in the spring. The loss of harvest is up to 50 % of the overwintered plants yield that have risen in autumn under unfavorable conditions. The optimum period of autumn vegetation that allows forming the potential productivity of winter rapeseed plants can be considered 60-75 days with sufficient moisture supply and the sum of effective temperatures of 250-400° С. At the winter camelina it was 50-70 days with the sum of effective temperatures not less than 200° С
The article describes the methods, specific researches on the analysis of source material for breeding work on winter soft wheat in the Belgorod region. The main purpose of our research was to study the economic and biological traits and properties of varieties in collective nursery and the creation of new initial material of winter wheat by the method of intraspecific hybridization for breeding in Belgorod state agricultural University. In 2016, the scheme of crossing promising lines recommended competitive trials of self-selection D9, D15, D19, variety Belgorod 16
Genetic studies of apricot are the actual direction in the genetics of fruit crops. In this regard, the improvement of the collection of SSR markers for the genotyping of this culture is an objectively significant task. In a study for the 16 SSR-markers previously developed on almonds (PdUnchar2, PdSLD1, PdGMGT1, PdTrTFGT1, PdUnchar2, PdSLD1, PdGMGT1, PdTrTFGT1) and Siberian apricot (A3-72, A1-63, H2-22, A3- 7-1, H2-5, A1-7, A3-9, H2-45), approbation and evaluation of the prospects of using for genotyping Prunus armeniaca L. were performed. Approbation, performed on 3 varieties of different origin, revealed markers and their combinations optimal for their use. During the study, all tested DNA markers were grouped into multiplex sets, including 4 markers. This allows carrying out genotyping simultaneously on 4 loci in the formulation of one reaction. One marker (PdUnchar2) from the studied sample included in the multiplex set did not show amplification. Five markers gave a monomorphic product. The remaining 11 SSR markers allowed us to obtain polymorphic, cultivar-specific SSR fingerprints for all the studied cultivar. These multiplex sets are proposed for use in studying the genetic polymorphism of the species Prunus armeniaca L.
The article shows results of using a mineral fertilizer system on the conditions of the mineral nutrition of winter wheat grown on leached chernozem in 11-field grain-tilled crop rotation conditions of stationary experience. We have also shown the effect of various norms and types of fertilizers on grain yield. Grain increase as a result of using N40 and N40Р30К20 ranged from 0.54-0.50 t / ha, average and elevated rates increased the yield of winter wheat by 0.97 and 1.03 t / ha, which is higher than the control by 17.1 and 18 , 2%
The results of laboratory experiments on the effect of different concentrations of SkQ3 (10- (6'- methylplastoquinonyl) decyltriphenylphosphonium) on the rate of growth of spring barley seedlings of varieties Sokol and winter wheat varieties Kalym in normal and under inadequate moisture conditions, as well as data from field experiments on the effect of pre-sowing processing SkQ3 on the morphometric indices of spring barley varieties Shhedry, hard winter wheat of the Lazurite variety and soft winter wheat of the Lydia variety are presented. As a result of laboratory experiments, an increase in the growth rate of 14-day-old seedlings grown in solutions of polyethylene glycol was shown when treating the seeds with 2.5 nM and 25 nM with SkQ3 solutions.
In the field experiments on the pre-sowing treatment of SkQ3 seeds, an increase in the morphometric indices of spring barley varieties of generic Lydia soft winter wheat and hard Lazurite winter wheat has been established, as well as an increase in the yield of winter wheat of both varieties as compared to the control
The article discusses the influence on the thermal regime of soil by agricultural activities, as well as the results of studies on determination of temperature in different soil layers under conditions of insufficient and unstable moistening of southern Russia. Experiments were performed in the experimental field in FSRI of the «ASC «Donskoy» (Zernograd, Rostov oblast) in terms of long-term stationary experience in the cultivation of soybeans with different technologies (traditional, zero). We performed the soil temperature checking at a depth of 30 and 60 cm using the temperature sensors with a measurement range from -40S to + 85S with a measuring accuracy of ±0,6S. For accumulation of data were used in the logger (weather station) Watch Dog 1400 series Micro. The purpose of the research was to determine and compare the influence of technologies of processing of soil on the temperature of the soil at different levels. On the basis of the conducted researches it is established that the average value of the ambient temperature stood at 23,8S a standard deviation of 3,1S. These figures are higher than the temperature of the soil at the background processed by traditional technology, and the raw background. The lowest average soil temperature at a depth of 30 cm (21,2S) recorded at zero background, obviously due to the presence on the soil surface of plant residues that protect the soil from solar radiation. Thus, the soil as a dynamic system converts the input signal (the ambient temperature) so that it is reduced in size and the rate of change (dynamic). These soil characteristics are determined by the technologies of soil processing
The article examines the results of studies on the study of changes in the structure of leached chernozem in the low-west agro landscape, depending on the technology of cultivation of field crops. The research task was to determine the effect of basic tillage (dumping plowing, non-loosening loosening and surface treatment) and fertilizer systems (mineral and organic in crop rotation) on the structure (aggregate composition of the soil) of the old irrigated leached chernozem. It was established that the aggregate composition of the arable layer when cultivating tilled crops (sugar beet, soybean and corn) was noticeably inferior to the structure of the treated layer under crops of solid crops (winter wheat, alfalfa). The content of agronomically valuable soil aggregates for roaches varied from 39.8% in corn to 53.4% in soybean. At the same time, the structural coefficient was 0.7-1.1. Cultures of continuous sowing increased the content of agronomically valuable soil aggregates of the arable layer by an average of 12.2%, and the structural coefficient by 0.6. The replacement of plowing with non-loosening loosening and surface treatment in crop rotation showed that in the arable layer of the aggregated soil particles under the tilled crops practically did not change. This figure was 47.3 and 48.5%, while in plowing it occupied an intermediate position - 48.3%. Under the crops of continuous sowing a tendency to increase agronomically valuable aggregates was noted. The mineral fertilizer system fully worked to preserve the structure of the soil when it was used for plowing. The remaining methods of basic processing against the background of the mineral fertilizer system are less effective. According to the arable crops there was a tendency to increase aggregates of 10-0.25 mm in size. Winter wheat (according to its predecessor - corn and alfalfa), alfalfa of different years of life increased the austerity of the arable layer by 9.0%. Organic fertilizers, introduced twice in the rotation, significantly improve the soil structure in the plow layer. The organic system used for tilled crops in comparison with unmanned crops for plowing, non-rooting and surface loosening increased the number of aggregates measuring 10-0.25 mm on average by a rotation of 10.4. Organic fertilizers in the link of the crops of continuous sowing improved the aggregate composition by an average of 4.3%. Optimal organic fertilizers worked against the backdrop of non-loosening loosening
The work presents results of the study of Cupressocyparis Leylandii J. and Thuja L. varieties in the conditions of the Kuban zone of horticulture of the Krasnodar region on the main adaptive features: winter hardiness, drought resistance, resistance to common diseases, and decorative features. The aim of the research was to identify the most adaptive and highly decorative varieties of Cupressocyparis and Thuja in the conditions of increasing abiotic and biotic stresses and to form an adaptive and promising assortment of coniferous plants for the conditions of the south Russia's gardening. The results of a complex assessment of 6 introduced varieties Cupressocyparis Leylandii J. and 12 varieties of Thuja L. are presented. The varietal features of adaptability and decorativeness was established in specific growth conditions, which made it possible to identify the most adaptive, combining resistance to temperature stresses (drought-resistant, winter-hardy), major diseases and pests in combination with high decorative indices (architectonics of the crown, color of needles, vitality, decorative period). These are Cupressocyparis Leylandii J. varieties: Leightons Green, Variegata, Gold Rider; and Thuja L. varieties: Degroots Spire, Mini Smaragd, Atrovirens, Dura, Brabant, Can-Can, which showed a high adaptation to the weather and climatic conditions of the southern region in combination with decorativeness, recommended for the extension of the assortment of coniferous plants and creation of garden landscapes in the conditions of the south of Russia
In the article, following the results of the first rotation of crop rotation, we consider results of researches on influence of technologies of cultivation of crops of various degree of intensification in a link of field crop rotation on change of the content in arable layer of the black leached soil of one of the main indicators of fertility of the soil – general humus. Determination of the total humus content in the soil layer 0-20 cm under winter wheat cultivated after sugar beet, corn for grain and sunflower ranged in terms of technology options from 3.02 to 3.72 %. Application of organic fertilizers for sugar beet on the variants of the studied technologies, in order to simulate soil fertility levels, from 200 to 600 t/ha and their intermediate application to this crop with a norm of 30 to 120 t/ha contributed, regardless of the method of basic tillage, to an increase in the humus content in the soil from 3.38 to 3.65 %. In the future, as crops rotate in the link of crop rotation, within five years there was a drop in the total humus content in the arable layer according to the variants of the experiment from 0.09 to 0.21 %. Intensification of technologies, increase of crop productivity in the link of crop rotation contributed to the annual loss of humus by 0.02-0.04%. When applying the same average and high standards of organic fertilizers, humus content in the arable layer did not fall below the initial levels of soil fertility and was 3.25 – 3.44 %. This contributed to the maintenance of the total humus content, and therefore, the preservation of soil fertility compared with options where organic fertilizers were not used. It is established that at cultivation of field crops on technologies with application of the non – oval system of processing of the soil, the content of the General humus in a layer of the soil of 0-20 sm averaged 3,39 %. Application in the technologies of soil plowing reduced humus content in the soil to 3.30%, which was inferior to options with non-oval tillage by 0.09%. With the alternation in the rotation surface of the main processing of the soil under cereals and moldboard tilled under (ie recommended system primary tillage) were lost to 0.012% of humus per year, while in the technologies with annual moldboard with side effects of deep loosening tillage, dehumification was of 0.027% per year. In the process of researches it is established that the cultivation of crops in crop rotation on environmentally acceptable technologies with application of the average rate of organic fertilizers on the background recommended for the Central zone of the Krasnodar region the main processing system contributes more to the preservation of humus in the soil compared to extensive technology (control) to 0.04 % and 0.06 – 0.07 percent when using this technology on the background of moldboard and subsurface tillage treatments of the soil