Issues related to the contamination of crops are topical and very relevant. All this fully applies to the main crop produced in the South of Russia – winter wheat. In this regard, the presented results of studies of the influence of predecessors and tillage technologies on the development of weeds in the cultivation of winter wheat are relevant. Experimental studies were carried out in conditions of many years of experience located in the FEDERAL state scientific institution «ANTS «Donskoy». The influence of different methods of sowing (ordinary, scattered, belt) and technologies of tillage (dumping, non-dumping, surface, small) on infestation of winter wheat is considered. It is established that the least amount of weed plants is provided at scattered sowing on the background of deep tillage. The main treatment at a depth of 18-20 cm reduces the number of weeds by 47% in comparison with the surface (8-10 cm), and the scattered sowing reduces their number by 80%, since weeds are in more severe conditions compared to winter wheat, the rapid development of which contributes to the optimal nutrition area. Of the predecessors, the most acceptable is the steam with the number of weeds 7-25 PCs / m2, which is several times less than after peas, or corn after silage
In the conditions of the Northern and Southern foothill zones of the Krasnodar Territory, the soil preparation Reasil® Soil conditioner was tested to study its effect on the water – physical properties and structural state of the chernozem of ordinary and alluvial meadow soils. Field and field experiments were conducted in the Northern Zone when maize was cultivated in irrigation. The preparation was applied before sowing by the spreader "Amazone" under pre-sowing cultivation (to a depth of 12 cm) at a dose of 400 kg / ha. In the South foothill zone, the experiment was conducted on a crop – a seedling tomato. The preparation was applied before planting seedlings in a dose of 200 kg / ha. It was established that the application of meliorant did not significantly change the density and total porosity in the arable and subsoil layers of alluvial meadow soil, which was 1,46–1,47 g / cm3 and 44,3–44,5 %, respectively, with practically no pores occupied air (porosity of aeration). However, the use of ameliorant on this soil contributed to an increase in the content of agronomically valuable aggregates in the arable and subsoil horizons, respectively, by 15,9 and 22 %, and the sum of waterproof aggregates by 8,4 and 1,5 %. In the northern zone, when maize was grown, it was established that the application of meliorant did not significantly change the soil density and total porosity in the arable and subsoil layers of the chernozem plain, where it amounted to 1,29–1,32 g/cm3 and 51,6–51,5 % at rather high aeration porosity. The meliorative method reduced the content of agronomically valuable aggregates in the arable layer of chernozem by 15,4 % and increased their quantity in the subsoil horizon (1,4 %). The number of waterproof aggregates increased on the variant with the use of ameliorant, respectively, by 19,9 and 2,8 %
The quality of the seed largely depends on the value of the future crop. For sowing, it is necessary to use seeds with high sowing qualities. This article is devoted to the study of the formation of high-quality seed of new varieties of winter barley, depending on the controlled compaction of crops. The paper describes in detail the importance of sowing qualities of seeds for the formation of high productivity of barley crops. The questions of influence of different seeding rates on laboratory and field germination of seeds are considered. The correlation between the four variants of seeding rates and field and laboratory germination was determined. The purity of seeds of winter barley varieties Kubagro – 1 and Kubagro – 3 was studied and it was determined that the change in the density of the formed stem does not affect the purity of seeds of these varieties. The use of highly productive seeds for sowing and further qualitative cleaning of the obtained grain contributes to the production of seed material with high purity. When considering the weight of 1000 grains in the studied varieties, it was determined that with an increase in the number of productive stems per unit area and a decrease in the area of plant nutrition, both varieties reduced the mass of grains. The highest rates of weight of 1000 grains were determined when sowing with the norm of 3.5 million germinating seeds per 1 ha, such a pattern was observed for both varieties
This article discusses some elements of the Brigade cultivating winter wheat varieties using different doses of fertilizers (N50P50K120 and N100P100K240) in four tillage options (plowing, chisel loosening, disc chopping and zero treatment). The experiment was conducted in a multifactorial stationary conditions. The considered agrotechnical techniques have led to a change in the density, hardness and structural composition of the soil. The most optimal values of these parameters have been obtained by using plowing and chiseling
Great success in increasing rice production, and it has more than doubled, has occurred worldwide thanks to the use of modern high-yielding rice varieties developed by conventional breeding methods. In order to develop a new variety, it is important for the breeder to study the genetic and breeding value of various cultural and wild species - carriers of economically valuable traits, the identification of genes and groups of genes controlling the economically valuable traits, to study the patterns of their inheritance, to establish patterns of interaction between the genotype and the environment, explore the genetic and physiological-biochemical basis of the phenomenon of heterosis, improve methods of intraspecific, complex, stepwise and distant hybridization, to study a phenomenon of a sharp increase in the quantitative characteristics of crop plants, a more powerful growth of hybrids of the first generation compared with the parent individuals. Scientists of the past centuries, such as A.F. Wigman, W.Noden, V.Foke, and many others have been studying the phenomenon of hybrid power, which was first named “heterosis” in 1908 by J. Schell. At present, heterosis is understood as the phenomenon when hybrids of the first generation exceed their parental forms in terms of their biological values and economically valuable traits. The magnitude of heterosis of the first generation hybrids is determined by several methods in terms of percentages to the paternal, to the maternal form, to the average of both parents, and to a better or regionalized standard. By the magnitude of the dominance coefficient, researchers often determine the inheritance of a trait
Modern precision agricultural technologies such as No-Till lead to increasing of pathogens populations in the soil and frequency of application of chemical plant protection products. The production of biological agents directly in the farms, as well as the use of other low-risk agro-practices, among which methods for reducing herbicides from the group of glyphosates, is an effective way to resolve these problems. Such methods can reduce the cost of production and reduce the number of applied plant protection products. The use of the tank mixture Bacillus subtilis + complex aminoamides was very effective in the treatment of wheat seeds. Biological protection against root rot of crops of cereal crops by their treatment with Crocus and Pseudomonas fluorescens tank mixture is also effective. This treatment not only reduces the infection of plants with root rot, but also develops their biometric characteristics, the amount of chlorophyll in plants in the tillering stage. To reduce the likelihood of epiphytoty and epizootic diseases in agrobiocenoses, it is necessary to introduce, in addition to early spring treatment, the application of biological agents’comp-lex: (which can be carried out simultaneously with the addition of glyphosates under the No-Till conditions) Trichoderma viride. In a number of regions of Russia, an innovative method of enhancing the action of glyphosates in this technology has been applied. It is based on the introduction of the drug Crocus glyphosate into the tank mixture, which accelerates the penetration of glyphosate and its transport through the phloem to the root system. In this case, predominantly violated chiquimous (phenolic) exchange. Experiments have shown that the use of this method effective and leads to a change in the concentration of aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine and tyrosine), their number drops sharply compared with the benchmark on the 7th day after the plants are treated with this tank mixture
An integral assessment of the resource intensity of production and technological processes in industrial fruit growing is given. The limits of the stability of fruit agrocenoses under technogenic impacts are substantiated. Regressive dependencies were established for technological processes in the context of certain types of resources used: capital (depreciation), working capital (consumption of materials and the coefficient of consolidation) and labor (wage intensity). The optimal parameters of resource-intensiveness of production and technological processes in industrial fruit growing are substantiated
The article discusses the change in the magnetic properties of soils of different agricultural use, depending on the conditions of soil formation. The objects of study are leached chernozem of Western Ciscaucasia, meadow chernozem and meadow bog soils of rice agrolandscapes. The results showed that with an increase in the degree of hydromorphism, the magnitude of the magnetic susceptibility of the soil decreases. The leached chernozem has the highest magnetization of the profile. In soils formed under the influence of hydromorphic soil formation, magnetic susceptibility is reduced by 3.0-3.5 times in rainfed conditions and deposits, and by 6.0-12.0 times in soils of rice agrocenoses
The article is dedicated to the study of new complex growth regulator called Zerebra agro and its influence on agrobiological and technological indicators of grapes. Studies were conducted in the Anapo-Taman Wine Growing Zone of the Krasnodar region (PAO Pobeda, Temryuk District). The fruit-bearing plantations of the white variety Viorica were cultivated three times during the vegetation period: before flowering (May 27), after flowering (June 20), the growth phase of berries (July 18), berries ripening (August 13) 200 ml / ha. Application of the growth regulator Zerebra agro resulted in a significant increase in the average mass of the bunch (by 11.5%), due to an increase in the number of berries (by 12.6%), yields from the bush (by 11.8%) and yields of plantations (by 1.17 tons or %). The increase in the experimental variant of the vine harvest was not accompanied by a decrease in the sugar content of the berries juice and an increase in the titrated acidity. The use of Zerebra agro allowed to reduce the degree of death of the central buds of wintering eyes at two and a half times, also to increase the coefficients of fruiting and fruit bearing, as well as the proportion of eyelets with two inflorescences and more. The greatest decrease in the death of the central wintering buds, as well as an increase in the embryonic fruiting index, was observed in the zone of 1-5 buds, which makes it possible to apply in the experimental version a short pruning length of fruit vines and to abandon the dry garters of fruit shooters
This article discusses the results of research on the effect of soil treatment on agro-physical performance and productivity of major field crops. The task of the research was to determine the impact of primary tillage (moldboard plowing), surface treatment (minimum) and zero (direct seeding) is factor A, fertilizers – B, and herbicides as factor C for agro-physical properties of soil. We have found that high density led to a significant increase in the proportion of the stone faction in the structural composition of the soil. Deterioration of the agro-physical properties while minimizing soil tillage has negatively affected water, air and food regimes under crops rotation. When all methods of soil tillage are applied, the moisture reserves in the 0-200 cm layer in early spring had the lowest values of moisture-holding capacity (230-272 mm) and were defined by the features of weather conditions and past cultures. At the time of sowing, their number decreased by 12% (203-241 mm). The most economical way of spending moisture was shown by plants on the moldboard tillage. In autumn, fewer weeds (7-11 PCs/m2) there were in the options for ploughing. When the surface and zero ways of soil treatments were applied, their number for 1 m2 was 1.2-1.9 times bigger. We effectively eliminated weeds only when applying herbicides. Different crop cultures reacted differently to minimizing the tillage. The greatest reduction in yield was observed when applied surface and zero tillage in cultivated crops. Thus, studies have shown that in order to obtain maximum yields of field crops of crop rotation, reducing production costs, there must be a rational combination of deep or conventional plough tillage for surface or zero tilled for grain crops