The article presents a factorial model for determining the needs of lactating cows in essential amino acids. The algorithm of the model uses fragments from the NRC – 2001 models [39], CNCPS – 200 [60], and research materials published in the world literature. Instead of the transformation coefficients of the metabolizable lysine and methionine for milk production equal to 0.85 and 1.00, respectively, by the CNCPS, the coefficients 0.68 and 0.66 were used according to Doepel et al., 2004 [49] and the authors' own data [69]. Norms obtained using this model in lysine and methionine in milk production and maintenance in percentage of metabolizable protein (MP) were 7.28 and 2.4%, which is identical to the NRC – 2001 standards, equal to 7.2 and 2.4 % respectively, obtained by dose – response method based on dozens of experiments. The norm of histidine was 3.5%, which closely corresponds to the indicator of 2.4 and 2.7 % MP [74], obtained by the incremental addition method. This indicates that the presented model is distinguished by sufficiently high accuracy and is comparable with the models developed by the dose – response method. However, the determination of the need of cows for amino acids in this model is much less expensive than the dose – response method. The need for the absolute amount of metabolizable essential amino acids (MEAA) for milk production (35 kg/d, yield milk protein 1103 gytt6) and maintenance cow - 600 kg, g/d: lysine - 178, methionine - 59, arginine - 119, histidine - 60, isoleucine - 138, leucine - 248, phenylalanine - 152, threonine - 134, tryptophan - 38, valine - 174; the need for only milk production, g/d: 130; 42; 81; 42; 95; 175; 98; 74; 25; 112; the need for only maintenance, g/d: 50; 16; 38; 20; 43; 73; 54; 60; 14; 64; the need for 1 kg of milk (31.5 g of protein) g/kg: 3.7; 1.2; 2.3; 1.2; 2.7; 5.0; 2.8; 2.1; 0.7; 3.2; need to maintain, g / kg 0.75: 0.41; 0.14; 0.31; 0.16; 0.35; 0.60; 0.44; 0.50; 0.11; 0.53. In addition, the article presents the norms of amino acids per 1 kg of dry matter (DM) ration. However, the proposed standards need a comprehensive assessment in the research and practice of dairy farming. Research is needed to improve the models and predict the MEAA in the rations in the following areas: studying the metabolism of amino acids in the body of cows and determining their costs for maintaining the digestive tract, tissues and organs, refining, on this basis, the utilization of amino acids for milk protein production and maintenance; the development of ideal amino-acid profile of low-protein diets, both due to the adjustment of natural ingredients, and through the use of amino acid preparations that are protected from disintegration in the rumen
Providing the population with basic foodstuffs, sources of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and other essential nutrients is one of the main issues of ensuring the security of the country, while the requirement for food safety is paramount. Production of feed additives (concentrates), which improve feed conversion, while being natural and safe for animal health, acquires the greatest importance in the conditions of intensification of agriculture and increasing the competitiveness of livestock farms. Probiotic microflora, which, in competition with pathogenic, displaces the latter from the gastrointestinal tract, can be considered as one of the effective methods of controlling undesirable microflora in the digestive tract. In world science, research is actively conducted in the direction of searching for effective probiotic cultures. A promising way to increase the effectiveness of the use of probiotic feed additives is their addition to prebiotics, for example, including vitamins (antioxidants) and mineral substances (selenium). The purpose of this work was to determine the optimal ratio of biologically active substances contained in the feed vitamin-mineral concentrate, and probiotic microflora contained in the feed probiotic additive Bacell-M, for the development of complex feed concentrate. Using the Harrington's desirability function, the optimum ratio of biologically active substances and probiotic microflora in the recipe of the complex feed concentrate is determined, ensuring the maximum reduction in the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase in the blood serum of experimental animals, which characterizes the normalization of barrier organs
Providing the population with basic food products, sources of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and other essential nutrients is one of the main issues of ensuring the security of the country, while the requirement for food safety is paramount. Production of feed additives (concentrates), which improve feed conversion, while being natural and safe for animal health, acquires the greatest importance in the conditions of intensification of agriculture and increasing the competitiveness of livestock farms. Probiotic microflora, which, in competition with pathogenic, displaces the latter from the gastrointestinal tract, can be considered as one of the effective methods of controlling undesirable microflora in the digestive tract. In world science, research is actively conducted in the direction of searching for effective probiotic cultures. A promising way to increase the effectiveness of the use of probiotic feed additives is their addition to prebiotics, for example, including vitamins (antioxidants) and mineral substances (selenium). The purpose of this work was to determine the optimal ratio of biologically active substances contained in the feed vitamin-mineral concentrate, and probiotic microflora contained in the feed probiotic additive Bacell-M, for the development of complex feed concentrate. Using the Harrington's desirability function, the optimum ratio of biologically active substances and probiotic microflora in the recipe of the complex feed concentrate is determined, ensuring the maximum reduction in the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase in the blood serum of experimental animals, which characterizes the normalization of barrier organs
Coloring the plumage of chickens is a complex genetically determined sign. The study of the interactions of the main genes of chicken pigmentation was started by A.S. Serebrovsky. The most complete information on the genes of coloring plumage of chickens and down of chickens is given by Z.M. Kogan, indicating the clutch groups and the arrangement of these genes on the chromosome map. In the 1990s, the interaction of color genes, pen pattern and modifier genes affecting the intensity of the main color and pattern of the pen was described in detail. It was found that in pigs the pigmentation is regulated by the MC1-R melanocortin receptor associated with the locus E. Due to molecular studies, loci of dominant white color (I), recessive white color (c / c), striped pen pattern (B) adherent to the floor , and spotted spot locus (mo). The final phenotype depends not only on individual genes, but also on their interactions and the genetic environment as a whole. The same genes can produce different patterns and shades of the main plumage, and different genes determine the same phenotypes. Despite the fact that there was significant progress in determining the molecular causes of the appearance of a particular type of color in chickens, much remains to be learned
The main diseases of lactating cows occur in the first
two months of lactation, i.e. during the production
peak of productivity. They are caused by the changes
in metabolism during the transition period, which are
not supported by adequate changes in the organization
of feeding, or rather sufficient to ensure cows with
nutrients, which causes a number of closely related
diseases. To allocate any of them is not possible, as
their manifestation depends on a number of reasons,
and depending on situation may prevail one or the
other. Among the most common diseases, there are
ketosis, milk fever (paresis of maternity), dysplasia of
the abomasum, acidosis, mastitis, endometritis,
laminitis and leukemia. These diseases cause the
greatest problems in herds with high productivity, and
are caused by changes in metabolism in cows in the
transition period and the inability to properly feed the
animals at this time. To identify the causes of these
diseases we do not need to study each of them
individually - it is enough to deal with the peculiarities
of metabolism. This period includes the month before
calving and the first or second month of lactation, but
the most important are 3 weeks before calving and 3
weeks later. In order to prevent metabolic disorders
there were developed and tested feed for feeding cows
before calving and immediately after calving. Their
effect was studied on milk production and health status
Currently, in the Krasnodar region the indicators of
cow productivity are steadily increasing. This was
facilitated by two factors: the improvement of animal
genetics and the introduction of innovations in
technology. Novoplastunovskoe is one of the first
farms, which paid much attention to a significant
change in the technology of dairy cattle. Work began
with the construction of barns "light type" with walls
in the form of opening curtains for the American
project. The premises are equipped with "boxes" for
individual rest of animals with bedding in the form of
sand; automatic heated water logs; on the roof there is
a transparent skate, providing an increase in lighting
and additional ventilation; ceiling fans and additional
water sprinklers are installed to regulate the
microclimate. The milking parlor is equipped with
high-tech equipment and is integrated with the Israeli
computer program “AfiFarm”. Research was carried
out on an estimation of zoohygienic conditions in the
winter and summer periods; the technology of
processing and clearing sand - bedding for animals is
studied; the interior and exterior characteristics of the
cows of the Ayrshire and Holstein breeds adapted to
the new conditions have been determined; with the
help of the computer program “AfiFarm”, the
dynamics of single and daily milk yields, the content
of fat and protein in milk; calculated economic
indicators of milk production from different breeds of
animals
The article represents the results of studying the spatial-dynamic factors and revealing the regularities of the global spread of Lumpy skin disease in cattle. The developed risk analysis and epizootological forecast provides the keeping up with a multi-year trend for the growth of epizootic tension in this disease for the period up to 2030. The highest probability of disease registration from 0.6 to 1.0 is predicted for the tropical agroecosystems of the African continent (enzootic zone) in 2018-2030. There is a real risk of disease in neighboring countries of Eurasia with the probability is less than 0.4. In the Russian Federation, outbreaks can occur in all federal districts of the country, but the highest probability of its occurrence is possible in agroecosystems of the subtropics of the North Caucasus and Southern Federal Districts of the country
Smallpox of turkey is a viral, slowly extending disease. It pathogenetically proceeds in a dermatotropic way, skin lesions are characterized primarily by two signs or focal necrotic focus centers or diphtheritic inflammation of mucous membranes, often of the upper respiratory tract. Etiological factor in smallpox are dermatotropic epitheliogenic viruses, the family of Avipoxvirus of Poxviridae. The purpose of this work was studying the features of clinic and the pathomorphological changes at smallpox at turkeys in the context of diagnostics methods and also generalization of treatment-and-prophylactic actions at this pathology. The diseased bird is the main source of infection. In addition, the smallpox virus particles can be spread by people providing care for the birds, indoor air, food, bedding material, excrement. Diagnosis of smallpox takes into account the symptoms; if an autopsy was performed, the result of a pathological pattern as well. Additionally, we can conduct a research of histological sections. Confirmation of diagnosis can be performed by a virological study and the blood serum. In accordance with the pathogenesis of smallpox, there is a classic skin form and diphtheritic. There may be a combination of the above manifestations of smallpox, therefore we can record the mixed form, in some cases, it may be atypical. Pathoanatomical changes come down to defeat a respiratory system of bodies, the upper airways, at the complicated forms there may be noted lesions in the internal organs. Laboratory methods include identification of the virus in the pathological material, as well as additional histological and virological studies using chicken embryos and bioassays. Treatment is difficult and not always effective. The main preventive measure against smallpox in turkey is vaccination, basic applied biologics are: Avivac-pox" strain "K", "Ospovat, Vectorman FP-MG". Prevention of smallpox includes the implementation of general veterinary and sanitary rules in conjunction with the mandatory special prevention. When planning measures to prevent the spread of smallpox, conditions are created to eliminate pathways of transmission of the pathogen – disinfection, disinsection and deratization, as well as vaccination of all susceptible livestock
The embryo passes a number of the stages caused by high-quality structural changes in development and following them growth periods. The periods of change of development for the periods of growth are critical and are most sensitive to influence of external factors. The developed differentiated mode provides sharp temperature increase of incubation in the critical periods of development of an embryo. High temperature at separate stages of an incubation has displaced metabolic processes of the developing embryo towards lipidic exchange, at the same time the cholesterol indicator in blood of skilled chickens has grown more than twice, and level alkaline phosphatase by 2,5 times. Synchronization of the hatching was reached due to reduction of the periods embryonic and output on about 10-12 of hours. Operating an embryogenesis in the period of incubation there is an opportunity to influence the level of productional processes of chickens during the post-embryonic period, average daily gains of live weight at cultivation of broilers increase on average by 5-7%
The article presents modern methods of biotechnology used in dairy cattle breeding to increase the highly productive herd on the example of one of the farms of the Krasnodar region. The embryo transplantation method is described in detail, and a complete scheme of embryo flushing and transfer is presented. Requirements for donors and recipients, as well as for hormonal stimulation of superovulation, high-quality embryos are described. In the example of a three-year use of embryo transplantation in Agroholding Kuban company, the results are given on the number of dairy breeds of black-and-white Holstein cows, milk yield, and the quality indicator of milk. The article also proves economic efficiency