Scientific Journal of KubSAU

To increase the productivity of the cattle it is demanded simultaneous distribution of all types of animal feed in the form of balanced feed mixture with a given nutritional value. Balanced feeding of animals can improve their productivity, reduce feed wastage, and include alternative components of feed mixtures in their diets, which have nourishing properties and high digestibility; make and adjust feeding rations. Researches conducted by Russian and foreign scientists, proved the prospects of full feeding of complete feed mixtures, which allow to increase the productivity of animals to 9-30 % and reduce the feed consumption in the calculation of 1 с of milk by 7-8 %. The composition of complete feed mixtures includes sunflower cake, silage, root crops and forage. The process of preparation and distribution of feeds for large horned livestock is the issue of all the necessary components of the feed mixture with a given nutritional value. Saturation of the feed product with extra energy goes during its interaction with the working bodies of technical means for preparation and distribution (TMPD) of different types of food. For preparation and distribution of components of the feed mixture it is necessary to have following facilities, provided with reducing energy intensity and improving the qualitative indicators of processes: for grinding beet fodder and sunflower cake we need disk shredders; for shredding silage and roughage – bearnie and rotor shredders, respectively; for dispensing of beet fodder and sunflower cake – belt conveyor, for dispensing silage and roughage we use disc and drum dispensers, respectively; for mixing sunflower cake - rotary mixers, and for silage, beet fodder and for-age we may use paddle mixers; for distribution of sunflower cake we use rotary feeders, for silage and beet fodder – bin distributors, and for coarse feed we should use conveyor dispensers

The article presents the theoretical and experimental research of the guide wire, made of polytetrafluorethylene, for sieve system of air grain cleaning machines. We have calculated trajectory of movements of the components of piles of sunflower seeds in the vertical pneumatic channel when they are vanishing from the surface of the guide wire at its various parameters. Specifying the location of a guide wire polytetrafluorethylene in air-sieve grain cleaning machine was carried out in an experimental setup. The guide wire of polytetrafluorethylene was installed in three locations: 1) at a distance of 20 mm to the pneumatic channel; 2) on the levels with the pneumatic channel; 3) at a distance of 20 mm inside pneumatic channel. The approach of the guide wire into the inside of the pneumatic channel in the experimental setup the quality of sunflower seeds increased with 97.61 to of 99.08 %. The content of organic impurities, milled and broken seeds in the pile decreased respectively from 1.83 to 0.21 %, to 1.29 0.66 % 0.51% to 0.25% in the manufacture of wire made of polytetrafluorethylene. To increase the purity of the seeds of the main culture we use a photoelectron separator, and the received seeds for animal feed were in the form of sunflower cake produced on screw presses. As a result of carried out experimental and theoretical researches it is established, that the guide wire shall be made of polytetrafluorethylene and are placed inside the pneumatic channel at a distance of 20 mm and an angle of 40°, which allows to improve the quality of the seeds material and increase the speed of their input to pneumatic channel air-sieve grain cleaning machines type MVU-1500

Traditional processing technology of piles of sunflower seeds in agriculture requires consecutive through the whole set seed-cleaning machines installed in seed-cleaning complex or aggregate, for each stage of which are organic impurity, broken seeds, shriveled and milled seeds. The seeds of the main culture are subjected to long-time effects of the working bodies, leading to their injury and the necessity of manning the production line machines the same performance that is not rational. One of the ways to enhance the process of separating the seed material in seed-cleaning complex is its fractionation by applying photoelectron separator at the final stage of seed treatment. Qualitative performance of photoelectron separator on fractional technology showed that the purity of the seeds varied from 99.80 up to 99.98% depending on their size Ø7–Ø8 mm Ø8–Ø9 mm, respectively. The content of seeds of the main culture in the waste ranged from 65.60 % (fraction Ø7–Ø8 mm) to 68.83 % (fraction Ø8–Ø9мм). The weight of 1000 seeds ranged from 117 g (fraction Ø7–Ø8 mm) to 146 g (fraction Ø8–Ø9мм). Seeds obtained in fractions and existing technology (without fractionation) meet the requirements of GOST. The output of treated seeds in the fractionation varied from 93.20 % (fraction Ø7–Ø8 mm) to 92,90 % (fraction Ø8–Ø9 mm). Comparative tests of photoelectron separator F 5.1 in seed-cleaning complex by the division of sunflower seeds on the existing and fraction technology showed that in the photoelectron separator it is necessary to use fractional technology. So, as it allows reducing the content in waste of seeds of the main culture and increase the qualities of seeds depending on their size fractions

A set of actions aimed at preserving seed quality is the task of primary importance, which is expected to produce effective results. To implement this task it is necessary to prepare high-quality seeds by cleaning and sorting sunflower seeds on air-sieve grain cleaning machines. To determine the rational scheme of cleaning sunflower seed piles of the ‘Lakomka’ variety on the air-sieve grain cleaning machine ‘MVU-1500’ a qualitative analysis has been carried out. Cleaning sunflower seeds is carried out by an air stream by one or two sieves for separating large impurities and by two sieves, one of which separates milled seeds into the overseeding ,with the second dividing the whole seeds. In such a scheme of cleaning sunflower seeds, purity corresponds to the 3rd class of seed material and has some disadvantages. The disadvantages are as follows: the gathering seeds in sieve Ø5.0 have low individual weight and the sieves show low quality of work. To facilitate the work of the sowing sieves a grading sieve is installed, which will separate 50% of the seeds into the gathering. The size of the openings in the grading sieve is selected with the help of the correlation table. The sieve for sunflower seed variety ‘Lakomka ‘will be Ø 3.6, which will select the most valuable seeds with weight above 90 g from the purified material thus improving the productivity and performance of the sowing sieves. A promising scheme of cleaning sunflower seeds is the air flow rate equal to 4.43 m/s, with one grading sieve of Ø 3.6 and two sieves of Ø 7 and Ø 3.6 mm in grain cleaning machines that will allow you to get high quality seed material that meets the requirements of GOST(Russian national standard) for seed material

With the aim of improving the productivity and performance of the sunflower seed separation process in the air-sieve seed-cleaning machine called MVU-1500 its multivariate analysis was carried out. The main indicators of the seed heap separation process were determined according to the feeding of the seed heap onto the sieve of the lattice. The indicators are as follows: completeness of the j-th components screening, the j-th components content in the sieve path, the completeness of their discharge and their content in the discharge from the sieve tier. Having adopted the hypothesis of a possible increase in the efficiency of the separation process in the air-sieve grain cleaning machine, we analyzed the delivery patterns of seed heap components into the pneumatic channel with the aim of optimizing the process. For a more complete assessment of the process indicators under consideration, basic patterns of movement of various components in the sieve-tier lattice were estimated. It was taken into account that in modern designs of air-sieve grain cleaning machines seeds are fed into the pneumatic channel from the sieves. When the width of the lattice is equal to one, the density of the j-th component of the seed heap is constant along the length of each sieve in the stack of sieves and the separation coefficient is constant along the length of the sieve, the expression received estimates the average speed of movement in the first sieve-tier lattice in the steady process of separation. There was evaluated the statistical significance of differences of the j-th component average speed movement on the second sieve- lattice by Student's t-criterion, which showed that they belong to the same sample of random variables and do not have statistically significant differences. Therefore, we can obtain the following velocity values of the heap of sunflower seed movement in the sieve-tier lattice: fragments of stems velocity is 0.0518 m/s; milled seeds velocity is 0.0381 m/s; velocity of sunflower seeds less than 3.2 and 3.2-3.6 mm thick is 0.0835 m/s, velocity of sunflower seeds of 3.6-4.0 mm thick is 0.0453 m/s, that of more than 4.0 mm thick is 0.0410 m/s

The designers of competitive seed-cleaning equipment face a crucial task to develop a rational technology of post-harvest seed processing, which would provide output of high quality certified seeds with minimal cost. For determining rational technology of post-harvest processing of sunflower seeds in the seed-cleaning machine based on the grain-cleaning unit ‘GCA-20’, we chose three existing technologies (without fractionation), with various combinations of grain-cleaning equipment, one fractional technology followed by separation of seeds into size fractions (Ø7-Ø8 mm, Ø8-Ø9 mm) on the photoelectron separator. The aim of the study was to determine the priorities of the promising option of post harvest processing by the method of priori ranking using a psychological experiment. According to the survey results, we calculated the coefficient of concordance. After the calculation of the coefficient of concordance its significance was determined using Pearson criterion with the number of degrees of freedom equal 4. The calculated value of Pearson criterion is 17.58, and the table value is 9,488. As the table value is less than the calculated value of Pearson's, we can argue with 95% probability that the opinions of the experts regarding the priority technologies are assessed by the coefficient of concordance and the consistency of the researchers is not accidental. After checking the coefficient of concordance on Pearson criterion a chart of ranking options was built. As a result of the psychological experiment there was determined the rational variant of the technology of post-harvest sunflower seed processing. According to this technology seeds need to be fractioned into two size fractions (Ø7–Ø8 mm, Ø8–Ø9 mm) on the photoelectron separator at the final stage of seed separation in seed-cleaning complexes. This technology will allow us to increase the output of high-quality seeds and reduce their content in the waste (85.52 to 65.60%)

The quality of feed is one of the main factors determining the development of industries necessary for the country. In this regard, extrusion technologies for processing raw materials of plant origin are of great interest. The prospect of processing plant raw materials using thermoplastic extrusion is due to two main reasons: first, the large volume and variety of products produced using this technology, and, secondly, the economic effect that gives the production of extrusion products by expanding the consumer properties of the feed produced. Extrusion equipment not only expands the range of feed, but also increases the employment of the rural population during the off-season. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to assess the prospects for the introduction of protein feed production by extruders from sunflower seeds in small agricultural enterprises. The study used an analytical review and analysis of published and patent information on technical means – extruders used for the production of protein feed from oilseeds, such as sunflower. The analysis of literature sources on the work of the existing forage preparation equipment showed that serial machines are metal-consuming, energy-consuming, used with low efficiency, due to technical and technological shortcomings. The analytical review of patent sources of extruders for preparation of compound feeds for the purpose of identification of the direction of their development and elimination of shortcomings of the existing is given. Modernization of extruders for the preparation of feed in the patent information goes in different ways, depending on the goal, which will improve their productivity and quality of protein feed. Serial production of technical equipment for the preparation of protein feed allows you to compete with foreign technology. Therefore, the development and improvement of serial domestic equipment for the preparation of protein feed from sunflower seeds for functional purposes are competitive and significantly cheaper and can reduce energy costs for their extrusion, which is an urgent task

The aim of the research was to determine rational design parameters of a screw with variable step of press-extruder, which will allow to consider their physical condition and to obtain optimal density of sunflower cake, in loose and granular types for cattle on the basis of a psychological experiment or a priori ranking factors. Before the start of the study chose the factors that affect the density of sunflower meal. In the initial stage of studying the density of sunflower cake in addition to the analysis of the literature and previously obtained materials, we will conduct a psychological experiment or a priori ranking factors. Procedure of a psychological experiment was carried out in the following way. Each expert in the survey was asked to complete a form, in which were the factors, their dimensions and the anticipated intervals of variation. A specialist had to appoint the place of each factor and to include in the questionnaire other, not included into consideration factors or to express an opinion about the change of intershafts of variation. According to the survey we have calculated the coefficient of concordance and after it is evaluated determined by its significance for the Pearson criterion. After checking of the coefficient of concordance according to the Pearson criterion we have plotted rank distribution of factors influencing the density of sunflower oilcake by types, reflecting the collective opinion of experts. On the basis of the conducted expert assessment, the most significant factors affecting the density of sunflower cake, crumbled and granulated types are: (x1) the angle of taper of the screw (x2) step spiral auger 2, (X3) step revolution of the screw of the 1st winding. The proposed design parameters of the variable pitch screw press extruder can be attributed to the rational, since they allow not only to obtain the desired density of sunflower cake, in loose and granular types for cattle, but also to consider its physical and mechanical properties

The aim of the research is the determination of rational technology of post-harvest treatment of seeds of sunflower. Existing technologies that are implemented in grain cleaning units and complexes for the preparation of seed material type GCM (Voronezhselmash), "Polyma" (Belarus) and others perform seed treatment by sequential processing on all cleaning machines. Return at any point not provided, it is necessary to conduct repeated handling throughout the chain of cars that leads to the reduction of seed yield, decreased performance and increased injury to seed. Research Institute of oil crops designed container technology in universal seed cleaning complex, eliminates these disadvantages and allows finishing the processing of seed material at the time of matching seeds with the requirements of GOST at any stage. In seed output pneumatic sorting machines MOS-9N, which is seed cleaning complex that contained diseased seeds that differ from healthy seeds by color and lowered their quality. To improve the quality of seed material was applied photoelectron separator F 5.1, followed by separation of sunflower seeds on the dimension fraction (Ø7-Ø8 mm, Ø8-Ø9мм). In the result of the research container technology with subsequent fractionation of sunflower seeds on the separator at the final stage of their processing improves the yield of highly certified seeds from 92.90 to 93.20 % compared 91,20 % (without fractionation) and reduce the content of their departure from 68,83 to 65,60 % compared 85,52 % (without fractionation) depending on size fraction

The purpose of this research is to increase the production of concentrated (protein) feed in agricultural enterprises through the use of electronic equipment or robotics and precise precision livestock technology, which will reduce the unit cost of their production. According to the academician L. P. Kormakovsky, accurate, precision technology enables economical use of material resources, which are feeds and their ingredients in the feed, and to obtain optimum results at the highest cost. The most important direction of development of accurate technologies in animal husbandry is the preparation of complete feed mixtures and normalized feeding of groups of animals formed by its productivity. One of the key conditions of efficiency of precise breeding and the use of sophisticated electronic means of control of technological processes is the quality of the feed. Over the past 15 years, concentrated feed forms have been the basis of the diet of most types of farm animals and is the main reserve for increasing their productivity. The article considers models of robotic means of different countries of producers, used in agricultural enterprises for the preparation and distribution of protein feed. The use of robotics currently makes it possible to facilitate human work, and in some cases to replace it. Replacement of a human in all the spheres of activity, for example in preparation of protein forages, at agricultural companies will allow to increase productivity of forage preparation equipment, quality of forages and to provide agriculture of the country with the domestic forages. However, the production of domestic robotics, which are designed for the preparation of protein feed on the basis of oilseeds (sunflower meal, soybean, etc.) is absent, which is a scientific problem. The production of robotics is most developed in European countries. Robotic means which carry out distribution of protein forages, are applied to a lesser extent at the domestic agricultural enterprises, in connection with their features