Name
Neshchadim Nikolay Nikolayevich
Scholastic degree
•
Academic rank
professor
Honorary rank
—
Organization, job position
Kuban State Agrarian University
Web site url
—
Articles count: 20
Sunflower is one of the most important oilseed
crops, which are of great economic importance in
Russia and in the world. It is very adaptive crop
in terms of climatic conditions range, for that
reason it is cultivated on a vast territory of the
Russian Federation in various weather conditions.
Sunflower oil has high nutritional and taste
qualities, it is used numerously in food and is
applied in various fields of food industry. The
biologically active linoleic acid, phosphatides and
fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K, which are of
great nutritional value to humans, are contained in
the oil. According to its calorific capacity,
sunflower oil is on the first place among
vegetable oils. Due to biological characteristics of
sunflower, the Krasnodar region is the most
favorable region of the Russian Federation for
obtaining high and stable yields of this crop.
However, here the drought is observed during the
summer period and it affects adversely the
productivity and quality of sunflower seeds. The
increasing of resistance to unfavorable weather conditions is possible only based on detailed
study of physiological features of productivity
formation and seeds quality that is highly
important task in view of the current geopolitical
situation in Russia. One way of solving this issue
is the appliance of the growth regulators,
possessing anti-stress activity that improve the
quality of sowing seeds and increase the
productivity and plant resistance to stressful
environmental factors. These drugs include
growth regulator called Furolan, which was
created in KubGTU and is certified for use in
Russia. It is not toxic and is used in nano-dozes,
there is no its residual quantities in the products
and environment. Furolan has a positive effect on
physiological and biochemical processes,
improves the productivity of plants, their
resistance to unfavorable growing conditions by
increasing the resistance to dehydration as well as
to the risk of fungal diseases
This article presents the experimental material obtained
from long-term stationary experiment of GNU
"Severokubanskaya agricultural experimental station"
in P.P. Lukyanenko Krasnodar Agricultural Research
Institute. Stationary experience was founded in 1978. It
had two ten-course crop rotations and combined graingrass
tilled. The ordinary black soil, low-humic, heavy
loamy in mechanical composition. The capacity of humus
horizon is 113-116 cm with a total content of humus
on the date of the experience beginning is 3.88%.
Arable (0-30cm) layer was characterized by the following
parameters: total nitrogen content - 0.22-0.24, mineral
-10,0-10,5mg / kg of soil, total phosphorus-0,16-
0,19%, labile phosphorus - 12,2-12,9mg / kg soil total
potassium -1,7-2,0%, exchange potassium- 386mg / kg
soil. The degree of saturation of bases is 80-90%. The
amount of absorbed bases is 30-40 m ekvg/ 100 g of
soil. The reaction of the soil solution is weakly alkaline
(PH water 8.0-8.2). The predecessor is winter wheat.
General Agrotechnics is recommended for a given soil
and climate of region. Solid mineral fertilizer were applied
as mineral fertilizers in combination with organic
fertilizer in the form of half-decomposed cattle manure. According to agro-climatic zonation the northern zone
of the Krasnodar region, where the research was conducted,
is related to the zone of insufficient watering
with hydrothermal coefficient 0.7-0.9 with an annual
rainfall of 350.5 to 899.8 mm. During the autumn and
winter period, which determines the accumulation of
water in the soil, from 150.3 to 426.8 mm of rain falls
or 30,4-68,9% of the annual amount. During the vegetation
of sugar beet from germination to harvest -112,0-
588,9mm of rain falls, with an average daily temperature
of the air 16,5-20,000С, including the period of the
greatest growth of roots and accumulation of sugar
from 3.2 to 557.1 of rain falls with air temperature
19,5-28,800С. Hydrothermal index is 0,01-2,83. During
the years of the research 19% of years have been characterized
as unfavorable (hydrothermal index 0.67),
44% of years as moderate on moisture supply and temperature
conditions (hydrothermal index 0.99) and 37%
of years as favorable (hydrothermal index 1.05). The
generalization of the research results obtained by us in
the long-term stationary experiment, allowed us to estimate
the impact of different standards and systems of
fertilizer on the productivity of sugar beet and sugar
content in the roots. On average, during the years of
research, the root harvest under the influence of fertilizer
amounted to 36,7-45,6 t / ha per unit area with the
addition to the control variant, that isn’t manurable,
amounted from 6.6 to 15.5 t / ha. The highest yield of
root is 43,0-45,6 t / ha which was obtained with systems
of fertilizer with complete mineral nutrition
The reaction of winter wheat of Krasnodar
Agricultural Research Institute selection that is
included in the State Register of selection
achievements in the Russian Federation, on the
predecessor, the sowing time and the level of mineral
nutrition in 2008 - 2010 was studied in
"Severokubanskaya agricultural experimental station"
P.P. Lukyanenko Krasnodar Agricultural Research
Institute, located in the northern area of the region.
The objects of research were cultivars ‘Bezostaya 1’,
taken as a standard, ‘Tanya’, ‘Grom’, ‘Sila’, ‘Ligue 1’,
‘Irishka’ and ‘Yumpa’, with a specific weight of
strong wheat (excluding the cultivar ‘Bezostaya 1’) -
57.1%, essential - 28.6%, weak - 14 3%. The
predecessors are winter wheat, sunflower, white
mustard. Seed dates: the 20th of September (optimal
for determining the originator of the cultivar) the 1st
and 10th of October. The background of mineral
nutrition is N0P0K0, N60P30K30 and N120-160P90K60. The
soil is an ordinary powerful heavy-loam chernozem
with humus content in the soil layer 0 - 30 cm 3.95 -
4.00%, of mineral nitrogen - 8.3 - 10.7 mg / kg of soil,
of mobile phosphates - 22.4 - 26 6 mg / kg of soil, of
exchangeable potassium - 330 - 360 mg / kg of soil.
Weather conditions during the research were
extremely contrasting, both by the precipitation and by
the temperature conditions. Based on these studies, it
was found that five or six cultivars of this crop that
differ in biological and economic features, the reaction
on the predecessor, soil fertility and sowing terms as
well as adapted to the specific soil and climatic
conditions should be used to obtain consistently high
yields of winter wheat. Well-chosen cultivars, predecessors and sowing terms predecessors allow
without additional cost on the unfertilized background
to increase the yield on 0.20 - 0.79 t / ha. Together
with the growth of yield, the technological quality of
grain is improved: protein content by 0.5 - 2.4%, fibrin
content - 1.7 - 7.6%. The principle of mosaic use of
cultivars with specific predominance of strong wheat
is 57.1%, essential - 28.6%, weak - 14.3%, it allows to
produce the grain when you apply the minimum dose
of 12.5% protein content, 20.9% of fibrin content.
When using N90P60K60 respectively 13.3 and 23.6% at
a dose N120-150P90K60 - 14.4 and 26.8% with an average
of 13.5 - 24.0%
The influence of the predecessor and different doses of mineral fertilizers on the yield and the quality of the winter wheat cultivar ‘Krasnodar 99’ were investigated. Investigations were carried out in the North-Kuban Agricultural Experiment Station in two ten- course crop-rotations: grain plowing and grain - grass plowing (stationary experience). The soil is the black soil, low in humus, powerful, with humus content 3,95-4,00%, depending on the nutrition in the arable soil layer (0-30sm), mineral nitrogen is 5,9-8,3 mg / kg of soil, exchangeable potassium is 330-360 mg / kg of soil. It was found that the maximum value of the winter wheat crop structure elements is noticed in the fertilizer systems with complete mineral fertilizer, and the minimum value - with PK and NK. Winter wheat yield depends on the crop rotation of 8-15%; from its predecessor - 15-18% and 27-31% of the fertilizer. The protein content was mainly determined by the fertilizer dose. Enhanced and high doses of fertilizers contributed to an increase in the protein content to 12%.A strong correlation between protein content, agronomic methods and precipitation was determined