The article considers the current state of production
of grain crops in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).
The analysis of gross collection, structural shifts,
sowing area and yield of grain crops over the past
five years is being carried out. Also, the application
of mineral and organic fertilizers to crops of cereals
is being investigated, since their application is of
great importance for obtaining high and stable
harvests of grain crops. Based on the results of the
analysis, conclusions were drawn and ways of
development of grain production in the republic were
outlined
Lodging resistant is a very important factor of limitation of the yield of barley. The yield of lodged crops may be decreased up to 50%. The quality of the yield also deteriorates which negatively affects brewery characteristics. The lodging resistance of a variety is determined genetically and depends on a plant height and weather conditions during dynamic vegetation. One of the main aims of breeding of the crop for lodging resistance is the selection of short-stem varieties. However, a thorough study of the basic material and determination of its adaptability to a particular soil and climatic zone and suitability of its usage as parental forms are needed. The article covers the plant height of collection varieties of winter barley in the central zone of Krasnodar region and determines the groups of the varieties based on this trait. The dynamic of plant height formation depending on the vegetative conditions during five years is studied. The examination of lodging resistance of winter barley revealed that there are many non-lodging forms of the crop. New local varieties and lines have short and strong culms. Also, some varieties from Western Europe and the USA show its good lodging resistance under these conditions
The influence of growth, its ripened part and the
diameter of the vine at the base of the shoot on the
growth power of 922 seedlings of 55 combinations of
crosses in 2011 and 2012 was studied (planting scheme
3 x 1 m), seedlings of grapes of the second and third
years of vegetation in the field conditions of the
Southern coast of Crimea. The mean vine maturation
for all populations was 64.7%, the diameter at the base
of the shoots was 3.3 mm. After pruning to reverse
growth, in the third year of vegetation of seedlings
(2014), the length of growth of shoots increased
significantly and the average for populations it became
73.3 cm. The coefficient of variation increased, 26%, -
it acquired the character of a significant deviation from
the general population. This happened because the
seedlings, which had a vine growth less than 25 cm in
the second year of vegetation, had a growth of only 35
cm in the third year, whereas in all seedlings that had a
growth of more than 30 cm, in the following year shoots increased almost 1, 5 and 2 times more.
Formulas are proposed for estimating the growth force
of seedlings according to the 9-score scale OIV (OIV)
Alternation of crops, will remain a fundamental
element of zonal technologies of their cultivation for a
long time. Application of methods of mathematical
model operation will allow to come to new level in
the solution of the questions of effective use of an
arable land, through application of models optimizing
it. Results of researches which basis data of long-term
observations are will be especially valuable. They
used data of the long-lived stationary experiments on
studying of alternation of crops in crop rotations of
last more than five rotation. Stationary experiences
are located in a forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia
on the fields FGBNU "SIBNIISKH". The purpose of
researches consisted in optimization of use of an
arable land at application of methods of mathematical
model operation for preservation of soil fertility. The
model allowing when performing particular
conditions is given in work (balance of a humus, work
expense, a metabolic cost, etc.) to optimize use of an
arable land against the background of preservation of
soil fertility of the soil, receiving production,
economic and power efficiency. It is shown that at
alternation of grain crops with clear steam, formation
of a harvest happens due to natural fertility of the soil
what the negative balance of a humus which reaches
0,18 – 0,78 tons from hectare testifies to. At
alternation of field cultures without clear steam the
harvest was formed against the background of
reproduction of organic matter of the soil, due to
increase in vegetable oddments from use of fertilizers,
the balance of a humus was positive – 0,15 – 0,28
tons from hectare. Use along with clear steam, busy
steam, colza on green fertilizer, and also straw as
organic fertilizer for grain crops, 2,01 tons from
hectare of commodity grain were received, at a share
of clear steam – 16,8%, busy steam – 11%, summer
grain – 72,2% of arable land. Increasing in crop
rotations of West Siberian Square with use as organic
fertilizer of straw, busy vapors and green fertilizers, it is possible to achieve reproduction of fertility of the
soil with some decrease in an exit of commodity grain
to 2 tons from hectare
In order to ensure import substitution and threshold
values of meat production, it is necessary to stabilize
the livestock of animals and introduce intensive
technologies. In conditions of arid steppes, the animals
of Kalmyk, Hereford and Aberdeen-Angus breeds are
best suited to stall-pasture technology. Before weaning
from mothers at 7-8 months of age, their offspring is
grown without additional feeding, just mothers’ milk.
Therefore, the growth rate of suckling young animals
rarely exceeds 850 grams of daily growth, while the
live weight reaches 400-450 kilograms at the age of 18
months, with some advantage in favor of the young
generation of Hereford breed. Using the intensive 9-
months growing at the fattening complex with feeding
from the self-feeders ensured the average daily gain in
the Kalmyk bull-calves at the level of 1398 grams, and
for the Aberdeen-Angus and Hereford breeds the
growth is 1533 grams. The highest growth energy, live
weight (661 kilograms), was with Hereford bulls.
From bulls of the native Kalmyk breed with intensive
technology of growing, a heavy body weight increase
of 331 kilograms at 18 months of age was obtained.
All tested samples of meat according to
microbiological indicators comply with the
requirements of the Technical Regulations
Searching for new promising plant growth regulators
and antidotes, we have synthesized a series of Nsubstituted
naphthalene-2-sulfonylamides. Synthesized
compounds have been studied as potential growth
regulators of economically significant crops - winter
wheat, sugar beet, sunflower, soybean, and herbicide
antidotes for sunflower growing plants. The substances
with high growth stimulating and antidote effect were
found
Winter wheat is very demanding on the nutrient regime of the soil. Like many winter crops, it consumes the nutrients unevenly distributed during the vegetation period, which must be considered when making them. Modern varieties of winter wheat are very demanding to soil fertility. For the formation of 4,0-4,5 t/ha requires about 140 kg of nitrogen, 50 kg phosphorus and 120 kg potassium. Therefore, without the use of fertilizers, it is not possible to obtain such a crop with high grain quality. In addition, in the cultivation of winter wheat in the high and intensive technologies simply need using large amounts of fertilizer to compensate for the removal of nutrients. This is especially important when having partial or complete reduction of application of organic fertilizers. Therefore, we consider the possibility and the results of studies using different doses, combinations and types of fertilizers in technology of winter wheat cultivation. Experimental studies were carried out in the conditions of insufficient and unstable moistening of southern zone of Rostov region, on experimental fields of the federal state scientific institution «ASС «Donskoy». For research, we have chosen the most common varieties of winter wheat (Tanais, Granite, Axinite, Terra, Donskoy prostor, Motto) and various combinations and combinations of mineral and organic fertilizers. The experiments were conducted on two predecessors: couples and peas. As the controllable parameters we had the productivity and quality of winter wheat. We have found a positive impact of the in-change of fertilizer on the studied parameters with a share of the variance of 96% and a high degree of correlation of 0,98. The marked increase in the productivity of winter wheat is up to 22% when using different versions of the experiment. We have identified rational combination doses of mineral and organic nutrition for predecessors: peas N40P60K40+2N30 and vapor – manure 40t/ha+2Р60+2N30
The ecological state of soil on the globe is unstable.
Intensification of agricultural production is
accompanied by negative trends in changes in soil
fertility. One of the most important indicators of soil
fertility is its structural state. With a long time
cultivation of grapes in one place, the physical
properties of the soil deteriorate. The purpose of our
research is to study the process of destruction of soil
structure during the cultivation of vineyards. The
object of research is the soils of plots of various
agricultural uses (vineyards, field crop rotation, forest
belts). The research methods used in the work are
route-field surveys, a laboratory study of the waterphysical
properties of the soil. The article presents the
data of the structural-aggregate composition of the soil
from plots of various agricultural uses. From the data
given, it can be seen that the soil occupied by the vine
plantations is characterized by a poor structure and low
structure of the arable horizon. The share of
agronomically valuable aggregates is 40.4%, the
structural coefficient is 0.68 units, while in the forest
belt this figure is 5.7 units. The increased mechanical
load on the soil during the cultivation of vineyards
leads to a deterioration in the physical properties of the
soil. Soil with low indicators of physical condition is
more susceptible to erosion processes, such as water
and wind erosion. Water erosion annually causes great
damage to agricultural lands throughout the world. The
article clearly demonstrates and scientifically
substantiated the negative effect of the system of soil
content of vineyards on the type of black steam. Also
proposed are ways to reduce the mechanical load on
the soil and prevent the development of degradation
processes in the soils of vineyards
In the article there were analyzed the different approaches of Soviet and Russian authors to the assessment of soils regarding to agro-ecological factors. There was given the characteristic of natural-economic zones territorially entering the Azov-Kuban lowland by main soil-climatic indexes. There was considered the valuation of soils which determines their relative value and suitability on main factors of natural fertility or their groups, it serves as a criteria of unification of soils into agro-ecological groups. There were shown the main indexes and order of grouping of soils under unification of different soils into agro-ecological groups. There was calculated the “normative” productivity of main agricultural crops on natural-economic zones of Azov-Kuban lowland which defines the agro-productive value of soil. There were revealed the disadvantages of soil assessment method used in the course of state cadastre valuation of agricultural lands asserted by the order of the Ministry of Economic Development from 20.09.2010 № 445. There were cited the specific rates of cadastre cost (SRCC) of agricultural lands on municipal entities of Krasnodar region. There was given the assessment of obtained data regarding to natural-climatic factors of the region, there were made proposals on optimization of trends of further researches on claimed problem
The article presents the results of research in the field
of suppression of thistle field Cirsium arvense in sunflower
crops under different methods of tillage