The phenomenon of the special relationship in BritishAmerican
politics of the second part of the XX century
also received intensive development in the early XXI
century. In fact, according to conditions of modern
processes of globalization, cooperation between the
United States and Great Britain, as within framework
of NATO and in other international organizations,
became increasingly close. Both States played a
significant role in the international policy, working on
various issues of economy, politics, environment,
culture, etc. Attention is drawn to the forms of
cooperation between the studied States in the
implementation of military initiatives in the Balkans
(1998) and Iraq (2003). These events allowed
characterizing the first and final stages of the
development of relations between the United States
and Britain in the form of «special» in the period of
late XX – early XXI centuries. In the beginning of
XXI century the cooperation between the U.S. and the
UK in reforming NATO, taking into account national
foreign policy strategy of the USA, was an example of
favorable development of bilateral “special
relationship”. For London, the following external
course of the US has remained a higher priority than
for Washington
The article is devoted to the problem of formation and
development of Islamic law in the Ottoman Empire. In
the beginning of the article, the author considers the
ratio between Sharia and customary law in the legal
system of the Ottoman Empire and reveals that the
basis of customary law is the right of the Turks.
Furthermore, the author highlights the main legal
institutions of the state, and analyzes legal acts that
appeared during the reign of the sultans Muhammad
al-Fatih, Selim I, Suleiman I, Ahmad I and Abd alHamid.
Then the author analyzes the features of
Islamic law of the Ottoman Empire, identifies features
of the contractual relationship, matrimonial and
criminal law. Compares the rights of Muslims and
non-Muslims, and reveals that the latter were divided
into two categories: zimmi and musta’man, identifying
legal privileges of each of them. At the end of the
article, the author makes a conclusion about the
continuity of the various legal acts of the Ottoman
Empire, the crown of which is al-Majalla, some of the
provisions, which has not lost its relevance in our time
For some of the Eastern countries - Turkey, Iran,
China and Japan - XIX century passed under the sign
of reform. Studying these countries today is important
and relevant. Such an experience could be a tool for
analyzing the reform aspirations of modern mankind,
which is especially valuable for those situations which
are determined by the trend of rapid economic and
technological progress. Hence, there is a certain
increase in interest of turkologists in recent years to
study reforms in Turkey deeply, especially the period
of the so-called "beneficent reforms" ( "Tanzimat-i
hayriye"), which lasted for more than thirty years -
from 1839 to 1876
In spite of the fact that the name of the district during its existence was changed (Western-Siberian, Omsk, Siberian), the authors accepted the name “the Siberian military district” for the benefit of the material representation. Chronological frameworks of the article cover the period from 1865 (the date of the creation of the Western-Siberian military district) to 1906 when the Siberian military district has been divided up into Omsk and Irkutsk districts. The article considers some features of active service in military units and institutions of the Siberian military district during 1865-1906, in view of condition diversity in Western Siberia. They are the features of the regional climate, the features of the officer personnel formation in the district, the features of its class structure (which is a source of replacement of the organized units’ staff, district subunits and a mobilization resource in case of the war beginning) and some organization issues of the military’s everyday life in Western Siberia. The authors pay a special attention to the problems of character training, the organization of the service arm and the troop training in the Siberian military district. They also underline a low level of literacy among the district population and the staff of the district divisions and units. The main idea of the article is that the government has paid little attention to the military component of Western Siberia development from the earliest times up to now
The article deals with a political crisis in the Kalmyk
khanate and the departure of the part of the Volga
Kalmyks from South Russia to the borders of the
Jungar khanate at the beginning of the XVIII century.
The dramatic events of 1701–1702 which were caused
by a race for power in a khanʼs family or by an attempt
of «palace revolution» are considered in chronological
sequence. This conflict was used by the representatives
of the Kalmyk ruling elite who were dissatisfied with
the khan Ayukaʼs policy and interested in the change
of the political power. But the support of the tsarist
government given to the Kalmyk khan ruined the plans
of the conspirators and some part of them embracing
15 thousand of nomad tents moved on to the territory
of Jungaria. This event which cardinally influenced on
the alignment of forces in the Oirat society
considerably weakened the Kalmyk khanate and
correspondingly increased the population size in the
Jungar khanate
The article is devoted to the activities of the regional
branch of all-Russian voluntary society for protection
of monuments of history and culture (VOOLIK) in the
territory of Adygheya. The studied problem has not
been the subject of special study. The main source was
archival dataб which were not included into scientific
circulation. First, these are the minutes of the regional
conferences of VOOPIK and the meetings of its
regional branch. The article discusses the processes of
creation and functioning of the society; we have
determined the range of issues included in their
competence and the most active members of the
society, revealed the conditions for the establishment
of primary organizations and the requirements for
entering into society. The analysis of the reports of the
regional conferences of VOOPIK and the meetings of
the regional branch was allowed to identify specific
activities conducted by the regional branch of
VOOPIK, for the creation and preservation of the
historical heritage of the Republic of Adygea
The article is devoted to source base of Khan-Girey
works. Two types of the sources used by Khan-Girey
are allocated: historical and historiographic. In its turn,
historical sources are conditionally subdivided in
written, material and sources of the oral origin. The
relation of Khan-Girey to the problem of reliability of
sources, the responsibility of authors on the provided
data are considered. It is concluded, that in the works
of Khan-Girey oral sources are predominant, all
others, including historiographical, act as subsidaries.
It is emphasized, that in this period there were only
oral sources, came from the Adyghe environment, all
the others were the evidences of other cultures. The
relation of Khan-Girey to folklore as to a historical
source is revealed. We have identified other types of
oral sources, such as personal knowledge and KhanGirey
memories, and eyewitness evidences. The
analysis of the working methods of Khan-Girey with
historiographical sources is carried out. At the end of
the article, the conclusion is made that the source base
of Khan-Girey works, for objective reasons, is limited,
although the use of most sources, found by him, were
confirmed in historiography
The article deals with the forms of agitation and mass
art, the creation of which was authorized by the
Bolsheviks in the 20ies of the XX century for effective
advocacy activities. It is noted, that agitation and mass
art is one of the most important and effective means of
policies and has played a huge role in the establishment
of Soviet power. Propaganda direction was manifested
in the both of drawing and painting and was aimed at the
formation of a new proletarian thinking in a socialist
society. It is stated, that the content of works of art is
determined, above all, by the military-political situation
that prevailed in the 20-ies. It is shown, that in the works
of art displayed figures of the new revolutionary themes,
events and characters, but also significant presence of
the image of the new man - working men and women,
sailors, soldiers, peasants was traced. Festive decoration
of cities and towns, from the capital to the smallest
provincial towns was filled with agitation and
propaganda content. The conclusion is that artistic and
political design of squares, streets, public buildings
should help to create a festive mood, increase
employment, ideological and socio-political activity of
the workers. In general, new forms of agitation and
propaganda were created through art, by turning the
novelty of content, depth of the emotional impact,
thematic literacy and specificity for the necessary
psychological mood of society during the study period
Ethnic minorities’ traditional forms of economy and business are the object of a research. The common law norms in the sphere of traditional environmental management has included in researches subject domain. The list of the representative and verified sources of ethnological examinations and regional ethnological monitoring definition was the purpose of the conducted research. Assessment of information importance of the working documentation and printed materials, which had formed at United Nations Development Program (UDNP) implementation in the territory of the Russian Federation is carried out. Experience of implementation of the PROON/GEF project "Preservation of a biodiversity in the Russian part of the Altai-Sayansk ecoregion" (2006-2012)" is given as an example. The program covered six territorial subjects of the Russian Federation, all “native’s societies, referred to category "indigenous ethnic groups of the North, Siberia and the Far East", tens of national public associations and research groups. The attention is focused on the projects directed on ethnological monitoring organization and on the interaction system between the autochthonic population, municipal authorities, wildlife refuge and national parks management. The problems of rural settlement population connected with alternative (traditional) employment forms development have been lifted also. The plots connected with the common law norms place in the sphere of ethnic business definition have been considered on the basis of office work sources analysis. Common law norms were considered as the traditional communication systems and as the social regulato
In order to describe the state of the power vertical in
Kalmykia an analytical review of the Constitution of the
RSFSR in 1937 and the Constitution of the Kalmyk
ASSR in 1937 was made in this paper. The study reveals
features of construction of the vertical of the supreme
bodies of state power. The conclusion is that the system
of construction of the vertical of higher authorities,
establishes a sign of a unitary form of state-territorial
structure