Data of the application of researches of vegetative components in reception of drinks from dairy whey of a functional purpose are shown
The stability of strongly basic anion-exchange membranes MA-41-2P (JSC "Schekino-Nitrogen", Russia) and AMX (Tokuyama Soda, Japan) under intensive current regimes was investigated in the
current study. The process of water molecules dissociation at current densities above the limiting one in 0.01 M sodium chloride solution was studied in detail. The length of the electroconvective instability at the membrane / solution interface at currents
exceeding the limiting current was measured by laser interferometry
New 2-R-4-hydroxymethyl-6-methylnikotinates of alkaline metals are synthesized by alkaline hydrolysis of derivatives 6-methyl-1,3-dihydrofuro-[3,4-c]pyridine-3-on
The article discusses results of experimental research
of the influence of aprotic and proton solvents on reaction
rate of water molecules dissociation in the bipolar
membrane MB-1 by the method of electrochemical
impedance frequency spectrum. It was discovered, that
addition of organic component in aqueous solutions results
in significant influence on the parameters of water
dissociation in a bipolar region of the membrane.
The reason for this influence is the reduction of the
mass fraction of water in solution and, consequently,
in a bipolar region of the membrane, which itself reduces
the rate of the dissociation reaction. Another
reason for the influence of the organic solvent is its effect
on the network of hydrogen bonds existing in water
and aqueous solutions. Depending on the nature of
organic solvent and its concentration, the network of
hydrogen bonds may be strengthened, or destroyed,
thus facilitating removal of the proton involved in the
reactions between water molecules and catalytic centers
in cation-exchange and anion-exchange layer of
bipolar membrane, or retarding removal of proton.
This leads respectively to speed up or slow down the
rate of dissociation in the bipolar region of the membrane,
as well as changing the constants of the dissociation
reaction of water. Introduction of organic solvent
in solutions, which are in the contact with bipolar
membrane, is a convenient method of investigating the
role of solution composition on the rate of proton
transfer between water molecules and catalytic centers
in the membranes
The method of nanoemulsions obtaining with acoustic chemistry method has been considered in the article, the nanoemulsion formula has been found. The researches for emulsion stability and particle sizes determination have been fulfilled. The antioxidant effect of the obtained emulsion and a possibility to use it in meat-vegetable products have been researched
By the method of dipole moments, there has been determined that the tri-coordinated arsenic derivatives (p-XC6H4AsN-R)2 with R= Bu-t in the liquor exist in a cis-form, as for R=С6Н4Х-p the trans-structure is being realized. As for tetra-coordinated derivatives [XC6H4As(S)NBu-t]2 the trans-form is also beeing observed. For ortho-substituted connections, the angles of flat surfaces rotation of benzene rings have been defined
The results of study of bipolar membrane – analogue
of MB-2, modified with chemically introduced chromium
(III), iron (III) and nickel (II) hydroxides by the
method of frequency spectrum of electrochemical impedance,
by infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron
microscopy in combination with X-ray spectrum
analysis are presented. It is shown, that sequential
treatment of cation-exchanger, contained in cationexchange
membrane, with metal salt solution and alkali
solution does not result in formation of complex
compounds of these metals with ionic groups of ion
exchanger. It was found that in these conditions the
presence of heavy metals in the phase of cationexchanger
confirmed by X-ray analysis, however,
crystals of hydroxides of heavy metals are not detected
in the size range of 1000 nm to 20 nm. These heavy
metal compounds are thermally unstable and their
catalytic activity in the reaction of dissociation of water
molecules decreases with increasing temperature
during heat treatment. The introduction of low-soluble
hydroxides of d-metals (chromium (III), iron (III),
nickel(II)) by chemical method can significantly improve
the electrochemical characteristics of a bipolar
membrane. The most effective catalysts in water dissociation
reaction are the hydroxides of chromium (III)
and iron (III) and, as a consequence, membranes with
these hydroxides have a lower value of overpotential
compared with original membrane at the same current
density
In the article the mathematical model of the space charge region in the bipolar membrane is considered. The structure of the space charge region under passing of electric current, and without electric current is discussed. The results of experimental studies of water dissociation in the bipolar membrane in the presence of chromium(III) are discussed
Surface energy of polymers determines such
important properties of polymers like wetability,
adhesion, ability adsorption of low molecular weight
substances. Inner organization, the structure of the
polymer and the dynamics of interaction between
macromolecular chains are shown at last. At the same
time, the micro-defects (inhomogeneity) of polymers,
which is an integral part of the structure are changed
during deformation and must contribute to changing
of the surface energy and its components.
This article solves the task of detecting changes in the
parameters of surface energy of polymers under
uniaxial deformation. Data for the quantitative
indicators of the surface properties total surface
energy and its dispersive and polar components are
presented. The calculations showed that the disperse
and polar components of all the samples of polymer
materials are about 98% of the total and, therefore, is
crucial. For the first time experimental data,
illustrating the change of surface energy of polymeric
materials had been obtained, including elastomeric
compositions, when uniaxial deformation. The
relative changes of the surface energy vary from 54.5
per cent to 125 %. A decrease of total surface energy
and its dispersion component is observed during
deformation of polymer samples of different structure
and chemical nature
A number of thermoreactive oligomers was obtained
via the Michael interaction of molar excesses of
hexamethylene-bis-maleimide with 5,5’-bisbenzotriazoles
in melt. The structure of them was
proved by the 13C spectroscopy method. The one-step
synthesis in melt, without by-products evolution, in
absence of organic solvents, additional reagents, and
catalysts is the more acceptable in point of view of
technology (a finished reaction product does not
require any purification). The process itself is the
nucleophile addition across double bond, and so it can
be attributed to the atom-saving technologies.
According to data of the dynamic scanning calorimetry
(DSC) and the thermogravimetry (TG), oligomers fuse
at 130.8–135.6 °С, cross-link at 185–250 °С, and begin
their thermal destruction in air at temperatures of 400–
420 °С. The tensile strength at shear of the glued joints
on base of oligomers (steel plates overlapped) is 14.2–
23.7 MPa (142–237 kgf/cm2
). The positive effect from
the introduce of 5,5’-bis-benzotriazolyl fragments into
structure of bismaleimide thermoreactive oligomers on
strength of the glued joints between metal plates was
revealed