Scientific Journal of KubSAU

The article deals with the question of tillage with a turnover of reservoir devices for its implementation. We have also identified problems that exist in this process step. The ways of their solutions and their implementation have been proposed as well

The article presents results of studies of the present state of mechanization of tobacco harvesting. The aim of the research was to assess the state of the technical equipment of the tobacco farms in the current economic conditions. We have performed an analysis of the technologies of harvesting tobacco. Main problems of harvesting tobacco leaves were shown. We have analyzed the main constructive scheme of tobacco harvesters used for different technologies of harvesting tobacco leaves. The article gives main advantages and disadvantages of the applied technical solutions and lists tobacco harvesters used in foreign tobacco farms. A disadvantage was the impossibility of adaptation to the domestic types of tobacco. In the end, we have developed a project for solving scientific and technical problems of complex mechanization of technological processes of preparation of plantations to drying process, carrying out machine harvesting and preparing tobacco leaves harvested by the machine. This involves three stages. This will solve the problem of insufficient technical equipment of production of raw tobacco

In the article, the question of the value and location of disk tillage tools in the system of machines and the most common crop rotation tillage technologies has been reviewed. We have also identified the problems of disk tillage tools using and the ways to solve them

The article presents the results of bio-energetic and economic evaluation of alternative technologies for cultivation of winter wheat, developed in long-term stationary experiments at Kuban State Agrarian University. We study the effect of four factors on the productivity of winter wheat, quality of soil, fertilizers system, systems of soil tillage and systems of protection. We have processed the data for 7 technologies in two rotations of 11 fields grain-grass crop rotation in the Central part of the Krasnodar region on leached black soil of plains of the agricultural landscape. We have established, in the first crop rotation, on the example of varieties of Batyka and Krasnodarskaya 99, that there were changes in costs of production, net profit and the cost of 1 centner of grain, depending on the technology, and the comparative evaluation of bioenergy impact of alternative technologies of winter wheat cultivation to consumption energy costs total energy. We have calculated ratio net of efficiency depending on the technology of cultivation of winter wheat. On the basis of economic and bioenergetic calculations for farms with different level of economy we have proposed an alternative technology: for economically strong, economically average, economically weak farms and for farms located in protected areas where is prohibited the use of chemicals. Thus, producers have a choice of alternative technologies of winter wheat, which will contribute to maximizing profits and obtaining competitive products

The article deals with the question of economic efficiency of moldboard tillage using the developed combined ploughshare plow as a result of experimental studies, determining the degree of traction resistance of the reversible plow tillage combined with reversible plow. We have also found main economic indicators of the manufacturing operation and calculation of efficiency of investments for the implementation of the combined plow

Winter wheat is very demanding on the nutrient regime of the soil. Like many winter crops, it consumes the nutrients unevenly distributed during the vegetation period, which must be considered when making them. Modern varieties of winter wheat are very demanding to soil fertility. For the formation of 4,0-4,5 t/ha requires about 140 kg of nitrogen, 50 kg phosphorus and 120 kg potassium. Therefore, without the use of fertilizers, it is not possible to obtain such a crop with high grain quality. In addition, in the cultivation of winter wheat in the high and intensive technologies simply need using large amounts of fertilizer to compensate for the removal of nutrients. This is especially important when having partial or complete reduction of application of organic fertilizers. Therefore, we consider the possibility and the results of studies using different doses, combinations and types of fertilizers in technology of winter wheat cultivation. Experimental studies were carried out in the conditions of insufficient and unstable moistening of southern zone of Rostov region, on experimental fields of the federal state scientific institution «ASС «Donskoy». For research, we have chosen the most common varieties of winter wheat (Tanais, Granite, Axinite, Terra, Donskoy prostor, Motto) and various combinations and combinations of mineral and organic fertilizers. The experiments were conducted on two predecessors: couples and peas. As the controllable parameters we had the productivity and quality of winter wheat. We have found a positive impact of the in-change of fertilizer on the studied parameters with a share of the variance of 96% and a high degree of correlation of 0,98. The marked increase in the productivity of winter wheat is up to 22% when using different versions of the experiment. We have identified rational combination doses of mineral and organic nutrition for predecessors: peas N40P60K40+2N30 and vapor – manure 40t/ha+2Р60+2N30

Issues associated with the use of combined units in the preparation of the soil are relevant and of scientific and practical interest. Relevance increases when it comes to the cultivation of the main crop - winter wheat. In this regard, the presented results on the effectiveness of the use of combined units in the preparation of soil for winter crops are important. They are important primarily from a practical point of view. Experimental studies were conducted in the conditions of many years of stationary experience in the FSUE "ANC" Donskoy ", Zernograd, Rostov Region and in the Krasnodar region, LLC "Step". The efficiency of the use of combined units KUM-4, APK-4, developed at SKNIIMESH, now FSUE “ANC “Donskoy” in the cultivation of winter barley and winter wheat is considered. The technological process of tillage using combined units consists of several technological operations performed simultaneously. Disk working bodies chop plant residues and destroy weeds. At the same time, a network of cracks in the underlying soil horizons is laid. Next are flat-cutting working bodies that loosen the soil already at the set depth. There is a cutting of the root system of weeds, loosening the remaining non-loosened soil layer to the required depth, the formation of a flat bottom of the “furrow”, the separation of erosion-hazardous soil particles to the bottom of the furrow. Next, a roller - a compactor - compactor enters the work, which provides regrinding of soil lumps on the surface and subcompaction of the treated layer. The last in the process chain is a mulch roller, which ensures the formation of a compacted seed bed for seeds with simultaneous mulching of the compacted soil layer. The use of combined units in the technologies of cultivation of winter barley and wheat allowed to achieve a reduction in the number of technological operations by 1,5-2,5 times, an increase in the productivity of winter wheat by 0,4 t / ha (9%), a reduction in fuel consumption by 40%, operating costs 1,4 times with the economic effect of 1500 rubles / ha and the profitability of production of 140%

The creation of machines and tools of new generation, which represent high-efficiency, highperformance and take less energy and metal is a global challenge for the modern science. In this article, based on numerous studies, it is proposed to use the effect of oscillatory motion in the working body of tillage, improving the design of tillage machines that aims to reduce metal consumption, energy intensity and improve quality of work. A new tillage working body, running in a horizontal plane and having special tabs (blades) allowing it to make a reciprocating rotational motion has been presented. The application of this working body provides agronomic, environmental, energetic and economic efficiency by trimming the layer of the soil and root system of weeds, crumbling soil layer during its interaction with the working surfaces of the blades. Due to the reciprocating rotational motion, the cleaning of the working body is observed. The constructive and technological scheme of the working body and the scheme of forces acting on the proposed working body at the moment of penetration and the rotation of the working body at a certain angle are offered. The conditions for the reciprocating rotational motion of the working body are obtained as well as differential equations allowing considering the process of movement of the working body. The article also reveals expressions for the elementary forces acting on the surface of the blade from the moving layer of soil

Issues related to the contamination of crops are topical and very relevant. All this fully applies to the main crop produced in the South of Russia – winter wheat. In this regard, the presented results of studies of the influence of predecessors and tillage technologies on the development of weeds in the cultivation of winter wheat are relevant. Experimental studies were carried out in conditions of many years of experience located in the FEDERAL state scientific institution «ANTS «Donskoy». The influence of different methods of sowing (ordinary, scattered, belt) and technologies of tillage (dumping, non-dumping, surface, small) on infestation of winter wheat is considered. It is established that the least amount of weed plants is provided at scattered sowing on the background of deep tillage. The main treatment at a depth of 18-20 cm reduces the number of weeds by 47% in comparison with the surface (8-10 cm), and the scattered sowing reduces their number by 80%, since weeds are in more severe conditions compared to winter wheat, the rapid development of which contributes to the optimal nutrition area. Of the predecessors, the most acceptable is the steam with the number of weeds 7-25 PCs / m2, which is several times less than after peas, or corn after silage

Currently in the South of Russia, the most acute problem of accumulation and preservation of productive moisture in arable layer of soil. This fact has a decisive influence on the yield of agricultural crops. The need to study the dynamics of accumulation of moisture of the treated soil due to the fact that at the first stage of development plants are very sensitive to moisture content in the rooting zone of the soil. Practically the regulation of the moisture content of the processed layer may correct the influence of soil tillage aggregates with different types of working bodies. The work was performed in FSRI of the «ASC «Donskoy» (Zernograd, Rostov area), in the conditions of stationary experience (4,3 ha), 2013-2015, where explores various technologies of soil treatment, including no treatment. To obtain comparable results the same selected set (rotation) of crops (winter wheat, spring barley, pea, vapor). As a result of researches it is established that on steam background (76,1-46,2 mm) content of productive moisture is more than two times higher than on other backgrounds (of 30,6-46,2 mm). This allows us to talk about the effectiveness of the fallow field from the point of view of accumulation of moisture. The analysis of statistical data allows making a conclusion about the impact of crops on the dynamics of productive moisture. On the other hand, the rating statistics of the received data with backgrounds treated with different technologies did not allow to find significant advantages to any of them, as the area under the curve ROС analysis does not exceed the value of 0,6. Therefore, the studied backgrounds in the period of the research have equal influence on the moisture content of the treated soil layer