Recently, there have been satellite-based methods
widely used to determine the coordinates of points,
which allow, without mutual visibility between
points, to pursue their coordinates. However, in
some cases, for example in forests, in urban buildings
the application of these methods becomes a
problem and it is easier to apply traditional methods.
The article describes the case of using the method of
calculation of coordinates for "the approach of Hansen"
and held to evaluate the accuracy of determining
the coordinates of the points. Some studies provide
only recommendation guidelines that the most
accurate results are obtained when the shape of the
building is shaped similar to a square. In our case, on
the basis of obtained formulae we had an analysis of
the influence of the length of the corresponding base,
and its distance from the source side on the accuracy
of determination of coordinates of the original
points. The conclusion is that the accuracy of determination
of coordinates of required points depends
on the ratio of the length of the original basis and the
baseline. The optimal can be considered the distance
equal to 0.3-0.6 of the length of the baseline. The
holding data in the study can successfully be used
for the drafting of geodetic reference polygonometries
moves and thickening of networks
The article focuses on the unique nature of the CBD
and the North Caucasus, and to existing problems. It
was noted that many areas of protected and
recreational areas are eroded and disturbed by human
activities and environmental tourism in the regions is
not developed. We have made a justification for the
establishment of eco-tourism, the key objectives and
tasks. On the example of Kabardino-Balkaria, there
was set scientific and technological rationale of the
organization of the centers of ecological tourism in the
regions. The article shows a comparative analysis
about the developing ecological tourism in Europe as
an active form of recreation. Unlike European
counterparts, in our project we have a strong emphasis
on the popularization and implementation of
environmental technologies for the protection and
improvement of springs, hiking trails and recreation
areas for tourists. You can find descriptions of the
most interesting and amazing natural monuments, and
recreation areas divided in ecological routes and areas
of the CBD. The mountain zones of the CBD are
mainly located in four valleys: in the Baksan, Cherek,
Chehem and Malka, where these amazing natural
monuments and landscapes are. The authors
conducted a field research work for the study of the
unique natural sites in all environmental routes and
areas of the CBD. In conclusion, it is noted that in our
region there is great potential for organization of
ecological tourism and all these beautiful natural
conditions are the basis for this. The development of
ecological tourism will further attract more than 10
thousand tourists who are interested in nature in
Kabardino-Balkaria and environmental issues in the
region
Many scientists suppose that rural tourism as a kind of
tourism industry in Russia has not got long history.
But we can see its manifestations at different stages of
tourism development, which are described in the given
article. In different historical periods, rural tourism had
its own forms, modifications and kinds of activity.
That is why we can say that agrarian tourism took
place in pre-Soviet and Soviet periods too. Besides, we
still have troubles with theoretic aspects of rural
tourism. Today science society invents a determination
of rural (agrarian) tourism, creates classifications of
this and so forth. Nowadays rural tourism is a
polyfunctional phenomenon. That is why we should
explore it in more details. The Krasnodar region has a
lot of recourses which allows us to develop many kinds of tourism, including agrarian on its territory.
Existing legal environment creates attractive
investment climate and helps to develop rural tourism
in the Krasnodar region successfully
Even with the modern development of geodetic
techniques to abandon traditional ways a
condensation of planned networks is not possible.
Therefore, the article describes the case of
determination of coordinates of points using
backwards the angular notch and the accuracy of
their determination. In the classical methods of
solving the backwards the angular notch are
calculated coefficients, and get the coordinates of the
designated point. The authors propose to use
auxiliary angles that will reduce the amount of
calculation. In addition, the article gives examples of
solutions to well-known formulas of Gauss and
through the calculation of direct geodetic purpose
The article examines the development of a planned
study on the clearings and roads in built-up and
forested areas, as well as for building networks. Most
often, it is recommended to use the method without
diagonal quadrangles, where in each figure measured
all four corners and the length of one of the parties,
and in the first and last rectangles – four corners and
two sides. The length of the other sides is obtained by
computing, previously having leveraged the angles in
the quadrilaterals. The disadvantage of this method is
the adjustment of such circuits in a simplified manner,
namely: the distribution of residuals arising in the
augmentation of coordinates fx and fy equally to all
augmentation. The article proposes formulas of Gauss
for direct angular notches to make the conditional
equation of directional angles, deciding which method
of least squares, find the amendments to the measured
directional angles. Introducing these amendments, I
get the coordinates of the desired points of successive
angular intersection. As it may be seen from
preliminary calculations, the errors resulting from the
use of differential corrections in the coordinates are
very small and may not have a significant influence on
the measurement result
In the article we consider the results of the study of
climatic attractiveness of the South of Russia from the
point of view of tourism development. Formal
definition of attractiveness was reached by using a
wide spread concept of climatic indices. Any climatic
index is calculated by a set of medical and biological
characteristics. The latter are defined on the basis of
human physiology. Indices, which are used for
evaluation of attractiveness of one or another region
from the point of view of recreation and tourism, have
certain peculiarities. Very often they are calculated
using poorly formalized and arguable indications like
psychological feeling of meteorological characteristics
and even aesthetic perception. Taking into account
above mentioned experience we have suggested a new
approach for evaluation of climatic tourist indices
basing on initial (standard 3 hour discretion)
meteorological observations with maximum possible
exclusion from a calculation scheme all subjective
parameters. Our approach is based on a well-known
method of Mieczkowski [4]. The method was
developed more than 30 ears ago and is still widely
applied. Our method allows objectively evaluate nonsmoothed
index values because it takes into account
combinations of meteorological characteristics with
maximum available discretion during the day. A
method demonstrated its capability for evaluation of regional variations in tourist attractiveness. We
analyzed 40–year dynamics of attractiveness in the
region being in the focus of the study
Prospects of development of oil-extracting branch of the Krasnodar region are connected with continuation of prospecting works and search drilling in a zone of transit of the Kuban River and water areas of the Black and Azov seas. In the existing normative documents about technical researches we didn't find reflection of the rule of works on platforms of capital construction of wells on the earth and in transitional conditions. The technique of studying of engineering-geological features of territories of oil and gas fields is offered. Regional and zone factors of engineering-geological conditions of oil and gas fields are established. Engineering-geological structures are allocated. Additional types of technical researches are defined
The article is devoted to the study of the spatial
distribution of air temperature, precipitation and their
ratio in the form of moisturizing factor of the Mayma
river basin. Calculations of the vertical and horizontal
gradients are hold. Cartographic models of the
distribution basic climatic indices are also constructed
The structural and functional properties of humic acids of different types of poorly studied soils of the Krasnodar Region: ordinary black soil or chernozem (carbonated), meadowish chernozem and gray forest soils are investigated. We define the type of humus of the soil samples studied as fulvate-humate. Using traditional indicators of humus soil conditions the regularities of soil and ecological processes involving organic matter in soils under natural and anthropogenically factorial changes in the monitoring sites are revealed. The relationship of the optical properties of humic acids with the intensity of the processes of transformation of humic substances by increasing the depth of the soil sample is shown. By NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and spectrophotometry in the visible spectrum differences and similarities in the structure of macromolecules of humic acids in soil samples. In terms of soil contamination with oil in a field experiment, on the monitoring site we have set a trend towards to redistribution in the ratio of functional groups of humic acid macromolecules: the proportion of aliphatic fragments increases. We have revealed an increase in the share of the mobile fraction of humic substances in terms of oil pollution. The article has the most suitable justification for these processes. The results can be used for prediction the environmental state of the soil under anthropogenic pollution
What we have analyzed in the article is the spatial
structure of the surface air temperature and
precipitation amount fields in the Black Sea Region.
Spatial correlation method is applied to reveal
teleconnections between surface air temperature and
precipitation measured at the meteorological stations
of the region from one hand and globally averaged
surface air temperature and atmospheric circulation
indecies from the other hand. Atmospheric circulation
indecies – North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and
Oscillation «North Sea – Northern Caspian Sea»
(NCP) – determine to a great extent regional
temperature and precipitation regime. The goal of the
current research is to establish probable causes and
mechanisms influencing regional climatic variations
and examining of possible connections of the latter
with the global climate change. It is demonstrated that
relations between air temperature and precipitation at
particular stations in the region and global temperature
are weak and ambigous. At the same time, temperature
and precipitation regimes are affected by changes of
phases of NAO and NCP. It means that global
warming has no direct effect on the regional climate.
More probably, global warming influences the regional
climate through the changes in the atmospheric
circulation pattern in the particular region