In the article we consider the results of the study of
climatic attractiveness of the South of Russia from the
point of view of tourism development. Formal
definition of attractiveness was reached by using a
wide spread concept of climatic indices. Any climatic
index is calculated by a set of medical and biological
characteristics. The latter are defined on the basis of
human physiology. Indices, which are used for
evaluation of attractiveness of one or another region
from the point of view of recreation and tourism, have
certain peculiarities. Very often they are calculated
using poorly formalized and arguable indications like
psychological feeling of meteorological characteristics
and even aesthetic perception. Taking into account
above mentioned experience we have suggested a new
approach for evaluation of climatic tourist indices
basing on initial (standard 3 hour discretion)
meteorological observations with maximum possible
exclusion from a calculation scheme all subjective
parameters. Our approach is based on a well-known
method of Mieczkowski [4]. The method was
developed more than 30 ears ago and is still widely
applied. Our method allows objectively evaluate nonsmoothed
index values because it takes into account
combinations of meteorological characteristics with
maximum available discretion during the day. A
method demonstrated its capability for evaluation of regional variations in tourist attractiveness. We
analyzed 40–year dynamics of attractiveness in the
region being in the focus of the study
The article examines the development of a planned
study on the clearings and roads in built-up and
forested areas, as well as for building networks. Most
often, it is recommended to use the method without
diagonal quadrangles, where in each figure measured
all four corners and the length of one of the parties,
and in the first and last rectangles – four corners and
two sides. The length of the other sides is obtained by
computing, previously having leveraged the angles in
the quadrilaterals. The disadvantage of this method is
the adjustment of such circuits in a simplified manner,
namely: the distribution of residuals arising in the
augmentation of coordinates fx and fy equally to all
augmentation. The article proposes formulas of Gauss
for direct angular notches to make the conditional
equation of directional angles, deciding which method
of least squares, find the amendments to the measured
directional angles. Introducing these amendments, I
get the coordinates of the desired points of successive
angular intersection. As it may be seen from
preliminary calculations, the errors resulting from the
use of differential corrections in the coordinates are
very small and may not have a significant influence on
the measurement result
Even with the modern development of geodetic
techniques to abandon traditional ways a
condensation of planned networks is not possible.
Therefore, the article describes the case of
determination of coordinates of points using
backwards the angular notch and the accuracy of
their determination. In the classical methods of
solving the backwards the angular notch are
calculated coefficients, and get the coordinates of the
designated point. The authors propose to use
auxiliary angles that will reduce the amount of
calculation. In addition, the article gives examples of
solutions to well-known formulas of Gauss and
through the calculation of direct geodetic purpose
Many scientists suppose that rural tourism as a kind of
tourism industry in Russia has not got long history.
But we can see its manifestations at different stages of
tourism development, which are described in the given
article. In different historical periods, rural tourism had
its own forms, modifications and kinds of activity.
That is why we can say that agrarian tourism took
place in pre-Soviet and Soviet periods too. Besides, we
still have troubles with theoretic aspects of rural
tourism. Today science society invents a determination
of rural (agrarian) tourism, creates classifications of
this and so forth. Nowadays rural tourism is a
polyfunctional phenomenon. That is why we should
explore it in more details. The Krasnodar region has a
lot of recourses which allows us to develop many kinds of tourism, including agrarian on its territory.
Existing legal environment creates attractive
investment climate and helps to develop rural tourism
in the Krasnodar region successfully
The article focuses on the unique nature of the CBD
and the North Caucasus, and to existing problems. It
was noted that many areas of protected and
recreational areas are eroded and disturbed by human
activities and environmental tourism in the regions is
not developed. We have made a justification for the
establishment of eco-tourism, the key objectives and
tasks. On the example of Kabardino-Balkaria, there
was set scientific and technological rationale of the
organization of the centers of ecological tourism in the
regions. The article shows a comparative analysis
about the developing ecological tourism in Europe as
an active form of recreation. Unlike European
counterparts, in our project we have a strong emphasis
on the popularization and implementation of
environmental technologies for the protection and
improvement of springs, hiking trails and recreation
areas for tourists. You can find descriptions of the
most interesting and amazing natural monuments, and
recreation areas divided in ecological routes and areas
of the CBD. The mountain zones of the CBD are
mainly located in four valleys: in the Baksan, Cherek,
Chehem and Malka, where these amazing natural
monuments and landscapes are. The authors
conducted a field research work for the study of the
unique natural sites in all environmental routes and
areas of the CBD. In conclusion, it is noted that in our
region there is great potential for organization of
ecological tourism and all these beautiful natural
conditions are the basis for this. The development of
ecological tourism will further attract more than 10
thousand tourists who are interested in nature in
Kabardino-Balkaria and environmental issues in the
region
Recently, there have been satellite-based methods
widely used to determine the coordinates of points,
which allow, without mutual visibility between
points, to pursue their coordinates. However, in
some cases, for example in forests, in urban buildings
the application of these methods becomes a
problem and it is easier to apply traditional methods.
The article describes the case of using the method of
calculation of coordinates for "the approach of Hansen"
and held to evaluate the accuracy of determining
the coordinates of the points. Some studies provide
only recommendation guidelines that the most
accurate results are obtained when the shape of the
building is shaped similar to a square. In our case, on
the basis of obtained formulae we had an analysis of
the influence of the length of the corresponding base,
and its distance from the source side on the accuracy
of determination of coordinates of the original
points. The conclusion is that the accuracy of determination
of coordinates of required points depends
on the ratio of the length of the original basis and the
baseline. The optimal can be considered the distance
equal to 0.3-0.6 of the length of the baseline. The
holding data in the study can successfully be used
for the drafting of geodetic reference polygonometries
moves and thickening of networks
The article considers the issue of increasing the accuracy of filling geodetic networks of quadrangles with measured by the parties by increasing the number of conditional equations. We have considered the three variants of placement of additionally measured diagonals of the squares. The results improve the
accuracy in the determination of coordinates of points within the network, due to these additional measured elements
Within the Terek-Sunzha oil and gas region of the
Eastern Caucasus a productive sediments are clearly
expressed by the classical diapir due to the increase in
power in the arched part of the strata of the Maikop
clays. In accordance with the theory of I. M. Gubkin,
developed based on the analysis of the structure of the
oil and gas structures of mud volcanoes of Azerbaijan,
diapirism of the structure is an important prerequisite for
the formation of a mud volcano. The article provides a
comparative analysis of diapir structures of the TerekSunzha
oil and gas region of the Eastern Caucasus,
which is quasi-mud unripe volcanoes, and structures of
mud volcanoes in the South-Eastern end of the Caucasus
range (the Apsheron Peninsula and other territories of
Azerbaijan) and the North-Western end of the Caucasus
range (the Kerch and Taman Peninsula). It is shown that
the formation of diapir structure, when, in the context of
high power clay strata, is not a sufficient condition for its
transformation into a mud volcano. In such geological
conditions, it is essential to determine the capacity of
clay strata, but also the degree of its water-filled
porosity, visco-plastic and fluid-forming properties,
contributing to the transition of the breed in a phase of
active current and the coming to the surface
The scarcity of natural resources has become a serious
problem in terms of security in the world. This article
examines the role of the limited resources in conflicts in
Africa. The main source of conflict is the issue of
control of resources and the right to a healthy
environment. Here we consider the case of the regional
conflicts in the African context. A large number of
major rivers in Africa also have been the cause of
conflicts between the riparian countries. However, most
of these problems have been successfully solved, and in
many cases, this process led to the formation of regional
blocs for economic and diplomatic cooperation in the
region. In addition to inter-State disputes, there are also
internal disputes among regions or states within the
same country for the control of resources. However, in
some cases these regions have developed wellcoordinated
approaches to resolving the disputes: either
by judicial apportionment, congressional action or based
on negotiated compacts. In general, we believe that a
careful application of equitable resource-sharing formula
to volatile areas is a basic condition for peace and
stability in Africa
Increasing of tea production in the foothills of
Adygea should be based on potential soil properties
suitable for tea plant. The goal was achieved using
modern methods of soil evaluation of tea plantations.
The evaluation criteria were the following
agrochemical and agro indicators: soil acidity (pH
KCl); hydrolytic acidity; the sum of exchangeable
bases; bases saturation; granulometric composition. It
was found that the soil under tea plantation in
Adygeya classifies as brown forest poorly
unsaturated with the level of potential fertility rated
as satisfactory (bonitet rating 40-60). However, the
low supply of nutrients in the layer 0-40 cm:
phosphorus (19,04 ± 2,42 mg / 100 g soil), potassium
(17,70 ± 1,60 mg / 100 g soil) and a sufficiently high
degree of saturation of soil bases in the layer of 50-
100 cm (67,10 ± 11,67%) in combination with a soil
moisture deficit determine their low productivity of
16,0 ± 5,0 kg / ha, whereas their potential
productivity of 30-50 t / ha. The development of
scientifically grounded, targeted ameliorative and
agro-technical measures (irrigation, nutrition systems
using physiologically acidic forms of nitrogen and
potash fertilizers that reduce the degree of saturation
of the soil bases) will help to increase the effective
soil fertility and allow the tea plants reach its
biological potential and achieve predicted
productivity in Adygea region