Scientific Journal of KubSAU

EFFECT OF DEFORESTATION ON THE BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF MOUNTAIN SOIL OF WESTERN CAUCASUS

Significant changes in mountain ecosystems occur after deforestation on limestone massifs of the Western Caucasus. Tall-mountain-meadow vegetation with a large variety of species formed at low and medium soil disturbance 3 years after logging. Physical and biological properties of calcareous soils also vary greatly. The values of biological activity decrease at the maximum load is more than 10 times. Biological activity is increased by 20-50% or more cutting stations with low disorders. Biological properties of soils (especially the enzymatic activity) are very sensitive indicators of changes that have occurred as a result of logging. Changes in the activity of soil hydrolases different from changing oxidase activity at different times after logging

Negative impact of oil on biological properties of soils right after pollution is shown in the article. Eventually, there is their restoration. However, even in some years after pollution, the biological properties of soils aren't restored completely

In the article, we have studied the effect of antibiotics on enzyme’s activity of black soil. Introduction of the high doses (600 mg/kg) of antibiotics benzylpenicillin, nystatin) leads to considerable decrease in enzyme’s activity of soils. The class of hydrolyses is most sensi-tive to the action of antibiotics, their activity decreases for 50-70% from control values, the class of oxidore-ductase is least sensitive (10-40%). Antibiotic’s action on enzyme’s pool of soils has the prolonged character

In the article, we have proposed regional environmental standards for heavy metals, oil and oil products in the main soils of southern Russia

The article presents the results of laboratory modeling of gleyisation and its effect on the biological properties of soils with stagnant regime in ordinary black soils. Gleyisation is a complex biochemical process that occurs under oxygen reduction conditions. Anaerobic microorganisms, the presence of organic substances, and the constant or prolonged waterlogging of individual horizons or the entire soil profile promote gleyisation. Model experiments revealed that gleyisation increase the total number of bacteria and suppresses number of actinomycetes, micromycetes and growth of fungal mycelium. Gleyisation decreases the activity of oxidoreductases and increases the hydrolases activity. In addition, the second content of humus slightly increases and active acidity (pH) changes to neutral. Accumulation of large amounts of iron oxide (II) in soil is revealed

Agricultural use leads to a significant transformation of soils. The first to use the soil for cultivation react most sensitive biological indicators. The purpose of the study - to establish the effect of using the brown forest soils for planting apple orchards for their biological activity, in particular on the humus content, enzyme activity (catalase and dehydrogenase). For the control, we have selected forest area adjacent to arable land. Because of violations of the natural vegetation, there are changes in hydrothermal conditions of the soil. Humidity soil plowed off under forest, while temperatures gets considerably higher. Plowing, compared with the control, revealed significant loss of humus (50%) in the upper most disturbed horizons. In the lower horizons of the values of this index were quite low (1.5%) on all sections of the test. The decline in humus content, as well as overheating and draining soil tillage results in a change of enzymatic activity not only in the surface layers, but also in the whole profile. Due to the movement of the most favorable hydrothermal conditions in the underlying horizons, an increase of enzyme activity over control values in the deeper layers of the soil. The article shows a possibility of the use of biological indicators as indicators of changes in the brown forest soils as a result of agricultural use

Climatic conditions have considerable impact on biological properties of soils of the South of Russia. From all studied indicators the most dependent on climate there was maintenance of a humus and activity of polyphenoloxidases and peroxidases. Values of the integrated indicator of a biological condition (IIBC) on a profile of soils decrease in process of increase in an amount of precipitation, decrease in temperature, and increase in height of the district in next order: meadow subalpine → brown forest → gray forest → black leached soil → black typical soil → black ordinary soi

Rendzina soils are very widespread in the Caucasus. Because of their ecological and genetic characteristics Rendzina has significant buffering capacity to chemical pollution. The object of investigation was calcareous leached soil. Location selection - Azishskaya ridge on the border of the Republic of Adygea and the Krasnodar region. As pollutants, we have selected Zn, Cd, Mo, Se, since soil contamination with these elements in the south of Russia is not uncommon. Contamination of zinc, cadmium, molybdenum and selenium causes deterioration in the biological properties of calcareous soils of the Western Caucasus. We have investigated the toxicity of the elements formed following series due to their influence on Rendzina soils: Zn> Se> Cd> = Mo. The study attempted to analyze the entire range of concentrations of the examined elements in the soil, currently occurring in nature. In most cases, all the investigated substances registered direct correlation between the concentration of the pollutant in the soil and the degree of reduction of biological indicators. The activity of catalase and dehydrogenase cellulolytic ability, plenty of bacteria of the genus Azotobacter, length of roots of radish can be used to monitor, diagnose and regulation of chemical pollution of soil Zn, Cd, Mo, Se

The regularity that increases biological and enzymatic activity with increasing the age of the deposits of 10 to 82 years has been shown. The indicator of recovery of black leached soil steppes can be presented as invert-ase activity and humus content, as well as reducing the density of the soil. Integrated indicator of the biological properties decreases with decreasing age deposits: 82 years (100%) - 26 years (84%) - 16 and 10 years (74%) - arable land (64%)