Scientific Journal of KubSAU

The condition of agrolandscape systems of Kuban has limited number of natural factors, among which an important place is occupied by temperature, moisture, nutrients and places with weediness of sown areas. Basic soils are occupied by cultivation of agricultural crops with a significant presence of segetal communities in the tilled crops, as well as field protective strips. In soils of agricultural landscapes there are actively developing bacteria, actinomycetes and microscopic fungi, the representatives of mesofauna, qualitative composition of which is very varied. When characterizing the soils we can mark a broad aspect of their contamination with heavy metals and oil, as well we pay attention to peculiarities of agriculture

Complicated compost with organic and mineral components, has a serious impact on the physical, chemical and biological properties of topsoil significantly modifies its cycles of elements and substances; with the Carboniferous and up to now it has been established the supremacy of the recovery processes in landscapes as compared to oxidation processes through the introduction of complicated compost in their stabilizing factors

This article summarizes the results of the study of physical, chemical and biological characteristics of mineral waste; it analyzes the specific features of its behavior when applied to the soil in pure form and in complex compost; the possibility of using some of them as an ameliorant for improving the fertility of soil common in the steppe zone of the region

Ecological niche acts as an important evolutionary function of living organisms in the ecosystem and determines its properties, which are caused by the nutrient requirements, mobility, ability to reproduction, biochemical features, structural features limits tolerance to environmental conditions, opportunities performing certain actions in the specific biocenosis; in the process of divergence (species, their internal and external properties and abiotic characteristics) features of ecological niches are changed , there are new kinds of living organisms and, of course, the formation of new ecological niches

The features of introduction of trees, shrubs and herbaceous species in terms of the Krasnodar region and the south of the CIS are analyzed, the specificity of this process for deciduous and coniferous species, and grasses at their development in the spring and autumn periods, the allocation of forming niches generative organs, microsporogenesis, etc. are discussed. Opportunity to adapt different kinds of herbs and species of shrubs and trees, taking into account seasonal development with allocation of exotic species in the annual cycle of vegetation critical periods for the growing season Kuban has been considered. The results of the horizontal and vertical introduction in the study of the imported seeds and planting material of different species of trees, shrubs and grasses are discussed

Self-regulation of agricultural systems is based upon taking into account the interaction of their components released in variety of species and trophic relations; agricultural systems is diversified in towards a sustainable, productive and strategic development of the systems; one of the most promising areas of diversification of agricultural systems is considered to be an introduction to the practice of combining crops, known in agriculture for a long time, which shows us the nature. The most developed technology for creating combined crops is the practice of creating mixtures and the nature of the relationship between their different components

The optimum combination of quantitative and qualitative relationships between structures of organic and mineral wastes of various industries provides the formation of compound composts, which improves its physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil, helps conserve macro- and micronutrients, organic matter, enhance ecological niches system, to ensure the development of ecological trophic groups of microorganisms

The steppe rivers of Kuban, which form their landscapes in the space between the basins of the rivers Don and Kuban, are divided into two subtypes: the rivers of internal flow which flow into the small ponds (Panura, Kirpili et al.), and the rivers of external flow which flow into the Sea of Azov (Eja, Beysug, Chelbas); direction of flow of these rivers is defined slightly downward from the high right bank of the Kuban (up to 50m) and the eastern slopes (altitude up to 50-170m) of Stavropol Upland; shores of rivers are heavily deforested, subjected to strong anthropogenic pressure and water systems contaminated of organic substances. Plowing of catchment areas to foreshore and plowing dry beams, as well as cutting of forests caused huge harm of river systems. The qualitative composition of microorganisms is not very varied. Polluted rivers and bottom sediments are dominated by saprotrophic microorganisms, spore-bearing and other rod-shaped bacteria. In the samples of sludge we marked high titer thiobacteria and sulfate-reducing bacteria. Complex of actinomycetes was investigated. The species composition of vascular plants includes 135 species from 48 families, most numerous asteraceae, cereals and legumes. The dominant plant of many floodplains steppe rivers is common reed, which contributes to the process of silting soil particles from the fields and the destruction of the sod with overgrazing. Among phytocenoses there is a domination of reed grass-forb deposits on moist soils, mesophilic couch grass-forb and grass-forb xerophytic. In soil biota of floodplains it is dominated by oligochaetes, bottom fauna molluscs and oligochaetes, water - rotifers and cladocerans

Development of plants in mixed or combined sowings is based on the symbiotic association in the basis of which we have decreased sexual process and its mechanism of genetic exchange among endosymbionts and stimulating of genetic exchange and expansion of the diversity of species among exosymbionts. The exception is the symbiosis of orchids and fungi - activators of orchids mycorrhiza with developed micellar system easily passing on saprophytic option. Coevolution of plant organisms with fungi indicates the specifics symbiogenic conjugate evolution, showing an example of the evolution of a small community with different contact with the external environment. The phenomenon of symbiogenesis has a long history and was manifested in a variety of different types of organisms. Today, some dependence of existence of one species from other organisms is observed at approximately 75% of higher plants and 90% of the animals in varying degrees of symbiogenic dependence from other species and taxa. Originality of symbiogenesis was analyzed by Academician A.A. Takhtadzhyan (1973) during its consideration of origin of eukaryotic cells as process of "assembly" of a complex system. Different approaches to determining the biological essence of symbiosis are known in the history of study of this phenomenon. On the whole phenomenon of symbiosis belongs to the category mutual relations of organisms of different phylogenetic groups

In herbaceous communities of annual crops dominate clean sowings, which are characterized by high productivity. However, it is very poorly adapted, different weak transformation of matter and energy and stronger exposed to stressful situations as compared to natural systems. In agroecosystems only structural diversity can supporting many processes on a much aligned level. In agrolandscape system creates mixed sowings that are practiced in forage production of many areas. Great importance is the selection of crops for joint sowing because the relationship of species in created systems are poorly investigated and documented in the literature is not enough. Investigations were carried out on experimental plots on the farm called "Zavety Ilyicha" of the Leningrad district and training farm called "Kuban" in Krasnodar. Formation of joint sowings in different moistening conditions, level of fertility, chemical and physical condition of the soil is a very big problem. Cultivation of different cultures in joint sowings significantly influences the terms the onset of main phases of vegetation in certain species. For example, the placement of sorghum between rows of soybean noticeably extended the period of its vegetation (5-7 days); acceleration of interphase periods was marked for amaranth; height of plant noticeably was changed, leaf area was varied, indicator of competitive features of individual species was differed. The existence of the relationship between the method of sowing crops, their farming practices and composition of species and population of microflora, mesofauna of soil, yield of dry matter and grain was observed