The research of ethnic composition of the nobility of the Northern Caucasus is carried out in the article on the basis of statistical sources. The author calculated the results of the First General census of the Russian Empire in the Kuban, Stavropol and the Terek regions of 1897 y. It is shown that the ethnic composition of the upper classes was different in regions. The analysis of the results of the census of 1897 shows that in the Kuban region the most numerous language groups were Russian (77%), Polish (7,1%), Circassian (5.8 percent) ones. The ratio of language groups was not the same in the towns and villages. It is noted that in Stavropol province the dominance of Russians was significant compared with Kuban region. They accounted for 86.8% among the hereditary nobility of the province and among personal they accounted for 94%. The second place among the nobility of the province was occupied by the poles: the hereditary nobility was accounted for 7.7 %, personal nobility was accounted for 2.1%. Moreover, a significant proportion of them lived in urban areas. The national composition of the nobility in the Terek region is considered, it is shown that the Russian nobility prevailed in all administrative units: among hereditary – 73.1 %, among the personal – 77,7%. The second place belonged to the poles (9,25%). Produced calculations show that the most numerous from other language groups of the hereditary nobility were Ossetian (3,76%), Armenian (2,54%), Georgian (2,87%), Kumyk (2,01%), Chechen (0,92%), German (1,57%), Circassian (0,92%) ones. The nobility of the Northern Caucasus was multinational; it can be explained by historical condition of the formation of the indigenous population, as well as increased influx of immigrants in the post-reform period from various provinces of Russia
The article is devoted to process of the state
development and emergence of new forms of the
government in the region of the North Caucasus during
the Civil War. The author tells how forms of a political
system and the government in the region after October
revolution of 1917 have changed. He analyzes the
process of emergence of the new military-political
modes and character of a state system in its various
areas. In the article, the political background of
appearance of new forms of statehood and power
organization is also considered. The author equally
investigates the forms of the state life created by
Bolsheviks and their supporters, and the forms of their
political opponents – representatives of the white, antiBolshevist
movement. The author emphasizes that it was
the period of disintegration of traditional Russian
statehood and traditional forms of the organization of the
political power in the region. New options of the state
system which are directly connected with the crisis of
the Russian society in 1917 y. came in the region to
replace the old ones. In some cases, they represented
rather non-standard forms of the organization of the
government, including formation of the Soviet republics
in the territory of the region, appearance of the ataman
power and military dictatorships. On the one hand, they
were based on ethnocultural specifics of regional life,
and on the other hand they were defined by the crisis of
the period of the Civil War
The phenomenon of the special relationship in BritishAmerican
politics of the second part of the XX century
also received intensive development in the early XXI
century. In fact, according to conditions of modern
processes of globalization, cooperation between the
United States and Great Britain, as within framework
of NATO and in other international organizations,
became increasingly close. Both States played a
significant role in the international policy, working on
various issues of economy, politics, environment,
culture, etc. Attention is drawn to the forms of
cooperation between the studied States in the
implementation of military initiatives in the Balkans
(1998) and Iraq (2003). These events allowed
characterizing the first and final stages of the
development of relations between the United States
and Britain in the form of «special» in the period of
late XX – early XXI centuries. In the beginning of
XXI century the cooperation between the U.S. and the
UK in reforming NATO, taking into account national
foreign policy strategy of the USA, was an example of
favorable development of bilateral “special
relationship”. For London, the following external
course of the US has remained a higher priority than
for Washington
In the article the features of realization of a state policy in relation to the studying youth in 1985-1991 are analyzed. Influence of social, economic and political changes on system of preparation and education of staffs in average special educational institutions of the Low Volga region are shown
In the article, based on factual material, we reveal the
policy of tsarist Russia in Chechnya at the turn of the
1840-1850-ies. The article points out that in 1836,
Chechnya was not included in the national liberation
movement of highlanders of the North-Eastern
Caucasus. In early 1840, Shamil was elected the
Imam of Chechnya and the Imam of Dagestan and
Chechnya. The same year there was a General revolt
in Chechnya. Since that time, the center of the
national liberation movement in the North-East
Caucasus was moving to Chechnya. The article noted
that for the conquest of the Chechen population by
the king's command despite military means there
were made engineering, economic and ideological
measures. In the end, these measures and the
teachings of Kunta-Haji, which began to spread in
the same period of time, influenced the political
situation in Chechnya and the minds of the Chechens.
And all this, taken together, led to the fact that since
the early 50-ies of the 19th century some groups of
the society of Chechnya began to show a tendency
towards reconciliation with Russia. In the studied
time there was a change of tactics of the king's army
in Chechnya. The Royal army was moving from
trench warfare to the method of the marginalization
of Chechens further and further into the mountains,
through the construction of forest rides, and
consolidated in the captured territory a system of
military forts and Cossack villages. In 1850 the
Royal army began to implement a plan of invasion of
Chechnya which was Dagestan barns. This
undermined the economic base of the Imamate
heavily. Since the beginning of the 1850-ies and up
until 1859, the center of gravity of the Caucasian war
was transferred to Chechnya. There would be major
events that would create the fate of the Imamate.
Thus, the article characterizes the economic and
propaganda policy of tsarism and its importance in
the conquest of Chechnya; we have also highlighted
the military actions against the mountaineers,
explored the tactics and the strategy of the king's
army in Chechnya
The article deals with a political crisis in the Kalmyk
khanate and the departure of the part of the Volga
Kalmyks from South Russia to the borders of the
Jungar khanate at the beginning of the XVIII century.
The dramatic events of 1701–1702 which were caused
by a race for power in a khanʼs family or by an attempt
of «palace revolution» are considered in chronological
sequence. This conflict was used by the representatives
of the Kalmyk ruling elite who were dissatisfied with
the khan Ayukaʼs policy and interested in the change
of the political power. But the support of the tsarist
government given to the Kalmyk khan ruined the plans
of the conspirators and some part of them embracing
15 thousand of nomad tents moved on to the territory
of Jungaria. This event which cardinally influenced on
the alignment of forces in the Oirat society
considerably weakened the Kalmyk khanate and
correspondingly increased the population size in the
Jungar khanate
The article discussed the role of Adyg intellectuals in the formation of historical and cultural heritage of the North Caucasus on the example of S. Siyuhov. The article is made in the framework of regional competi-tion: «North Caucasus: tradition and modernity» 2014. – Krasnodar region. 14-11-23007 the type of project «A (P)» The topic is «The role of national intelligence in the incorporation of the North Caucasus in the Russian geopolitical space at the end of XIX century – the 1920s (by materials of Adyghe people)»
This article reviews the summary of the annual reports
of the Horde branch of the Astrakhan chamber for state
property and Management of the Kalmyk people,
1848-1892. The Author gave a detailed analysis of the
serving duties of the Kalmyks who had the power de
jure, on the basis of extensive factual material. It
contains data on payment of taxes charged by the
administration and established by the following
legislative acts: by regulations on the management of
the Kalmyk people dated 1834 and regulations for the
management of the Kalmyk people dated April 23,
1847. The difference between these legislative acts
was in determining the size of the duties. The
administration was primarily interested in the total
amount of salary collections and arrears for each type
of individual duty and also as a whole across the
steppe. Due to the specificity the analysis doesn’t show
the whole picture of the duties which came under the
control of the administration, not to mention those who
were outside its competence. The reports represent
accounts for the annual collection of arrears for each of
the duties individually and also in the aggregate. The
so-called statistics of the okladnoy and neokladnoy
taxable estate is conditional in nature
The purpose of this article is to study the role and the place of the Bolotokovs, the temirgoy princes’ name, in the military-political events that took place in the Kuban region in the late XVIII - early XIX centuries. The question of the origin and the status of the prince surname Bolotokov is studied, which the legendary Prince Dzhambulat Bolotokov belonged to, "the last one of the old knight generation of the Circassian princes. " Besides him, the most famous temirgoi princes are noted, including his cousin - "senior temirgoi Prince" Misheost Bolotokov. An important place is given to their predecessors - Prince Bezruko Bolotokov, who was trying to create a powerful military and political unification, joining all the "aristocratic" Circassian tribes "in one piece to secure their land and rights against external enemies: Abadzekhs, Shapsugs and Natukhais, but with the preservation of internal control of each tribe on the original terms". The causes of the fact are determined, that despite the periodical participation in hostilities against Russia, the main part or the Temirgoy people under the jurisdiction of the Prince Misheost Bolotokov hold to the solid pro-Russian orientation, which was mentioned by the commander-in-chief of the Russian troops in the Caucasus General A. P. Ermolov, who called Misheost Bolotokov "the most committed to Russia"
The article attempts to study the participation of
student of the Chechen-Ingush state pedagogical /
teacher training Institute A. N. Medina in the great
Patriotic war of 1941-1945, to gather biographical
information about him