The article examines the historical aspect of the
appearance of the concept of the photon, which was
introduced through the works of Planck, Einstein,
Compton, Lewis. It is noted that the photon has both
corpuscular characteristics (momentum, mass, energy)
and wave (frequency, wavelength), which are
interconnected. Thus, the photon has dual properties – of
a particle and a wave. The article deals with the analysis
described in the literature of the photon model proposed
by S.M. Polyakov and O.S. Polyakova, F.M.
Konarevym-Krauzerom, V.G.Kozlovym and S.I.
Chervyakov, as well as with their advantages and
disadvantages. A version of the model in the form of a
photon of two identical but oppositely charged halfmass,
which simultaneously perform translational,
rotational and vibrational motion was suggested. We
have shown derivation of the amplitude of vibration of
the two half-mass photon connected with simple relation
with wavelength, described with this photon. On this
basis, it is concluded that the state of a photon is
characterized by a rotational movement of its oppositely
charged half-stuff, which radius (r) is the amplitude of
the oscillation process of each of the half-mass, and
described by oppositely charged half-mass
circumference length S in expanded form in a result of
the progressive movement is the length wave l. This
work displays the wave equation describing the motion
of photons in the form of a standing wave which is a
complete analog-independent Schrödinger equation for
the motion of an electron in a hydrogen atom
The article discusses the question of the concepts of heat
and internal energy of a body. The analysis of these
concepts in the historical aspect and the views of the author,
based on the new photon theory of atomic structure were
presented in this study. The analysis of the historical aspect
of this question tells that the concepts of heat and internal
energy of the body for a long time were associated with the
concept of caloric, which can flow in the substance. The
next step was the identification of the concept of heat with
energy linked with the movement and work. In accordance
with this, Clausius proved the equivalence of heat and work
as the first principle of the theory of heat and introduced the
concept of internal energy, which can be increased in two
ways - making work on body, and summing heat to it. Thus,
energy was the main uniting factor of work and heat. Then,
the kinetic theory of heat, as the energy of motion of
molecules, was developed by Maxwell and caloric model
turned out to be a hindrance in the development of the
theory of heat. In fact, the internal energy of the body is
determined photons, rotating around charged particles in
atoms in their orbitals. The series of photons are combined
into a single photon orbital direction of rotation of the
photons, which are different from each other. Thus, the
body has an internal energy or internal heat. It is due to the
energy of photons, orbiting electrons in the outer shell of
each atom, as well as around the charged particles -
electrons and protons in the nucleus of an atom. This
internal energy may be increased by mechanical action on
the body, leading to an increase in resulting oscillation
frequency of photons around charged particles of atoms and
the internal heat contained in the body can flow of the body
with a higher concentration of heat to the body with a lower
concentration of heat
The study of the thermo-physical properties of liquids gives an opportunity of qualitative and quantitative evaluation of condensed matter theory, phase transitions and critical phenomena. To forecast the thermo-dynamic properties of liquid natural hydrocarbons one must know the basic heat-physical characteristics in a wide range of condition parameters. We have researched specific isobaric thermal heat capacity of gas condensates of Oposhnyanskoye, Solokhovskoye, Bukharskoye, Rybalskoye, Stavropolskoye, Schebelinskoye and Yubileinoye deposits theoretically and experimentally. These substances were in liquid phase on pseudo-critical isobar in the range of temperatures from minus 40 till 100 °C. In the article the findings of the investigation are presented. The mean relative experimental error doesn’t exceed ± 1.5 %, with reliability 0.95. The universal equation expressing specific isobaric thermal heat capacity as the function of temperature and molar mass has been obtained. It describes specific isobaric thermal heat capacity on pseudo-critical isobar for investigated natural hydrocarbons with the mean relative error, which does not exceed ± 1.65 %. The use of the equation for the calculation of specific isobaric thermal heat capacity of the substances of other deposits is recommended
We obtain a macroscopic criterion of fragile fracture (limit curve) when creating an isolated defect in the form of “narrow” undercut, when conformal mapping of the exterior of a unit circle on the plane with de-effect in the form of a recess defined by cut fiber-foam series. It is shown that in this case, the limit curve has the form identical to the case when the defect is set to "narrow" ellipse. The same crack oriented along either the compressive stress or tensile perpendicular stress. From here, we can suggest that the shape and geometric properties of a sufficiently "narrow" defect do not affect the values of the critical loads required to start its distribution
The article presents a project of the Yang-Mills
amplifier. Amplifier model is a multilayer spherical
shell with increasing density towards the center. In
the center of the amplifier is the core of high-density
material. It is shown that in such a system, the
amplitude of the Yang-Mills waves rises from the
periphery to the center of several orders of
magnitude. The role of the Yang-Mills field in the
processes occurring in the nuclei of galaxies, stars
and planets is discussed. The data modeling to
strengthen the Yang-Mills field in the bowels of the
planet, with an atomic explosion, and in some special
devices such as the voltaic pile. To describe the
mechanism of amplification chromodynamics field
used as accurate results in Yang-Mills theory and
numerical models developed based on an average and
the exact equations as well. Among the exact
solutions of the special role played by the centralsymmetric
metric describing the contribution of the
Yang-Mills field in the speed of recession of galaxies.
Among the approximate numerical models can be
noted the eight-scalar model we have developed for
the simulation of non-linear color oscillations and
chaos in the Yang-Mills theory. Earlier models were
investigated spatio-temporal oscillations of the YangMills
theory in the case of three and eight colors. The
results of numerical simulation show that the
nonlinear interaction does not lead to a spatial mixing
of colors as it might be in the case of turbulent
diffusion. Depending on the system parameters there
is a suppression of the amplitude of the oscillations
the first three by five colors or vice versa. The kinetic
energy fluctuations or shared equally between the
color components, or dominated by the kinetic energy
of repressed groups of colors. In the present study, we
found that amplification chromodynamic field leads
to a sharp increase in the amplitude of the suppressed
color, which can lead to an increase in entropy,
excitation of nuclear reactions and decays particles
The article presents a model for choosing a variety of
alternative solutions, in which we have a subset of
turns or more alternative options, based on the use of
the Bayesian approach, based on the formulated
concept of security functions as a priori estimate of the
effects of the decision. This reduces the projected
parameters and, therefore, increases the values of
security. Thus, the considered indicators of data
protection reflect the essence of Bayesian approach to
decision making and management of GIS, so it allows
to generate optimal decision rules
The article deals with mathematical models of
management decision-making to select the option to
protect the AU, based on sufficient statistical
information about attacks on the AU. The amount of a
priori uncertainty about the choice of protection option
in GIS was described with Boltzmann's entropy.
Introduction of the value within Shannon’s definition
of mutual information is called the context random
variables, it allows removing the uncertainty regarding
the actions of the enemy, and it enables decisionmakers
to choose protection options. The model of
decision for choosing the type of protection of the AIS
presented in the article is based on sufficient statistical
information about the attacks to the system
components. In the ideal case, for decision-making,
we use large sample statistical data that provides high
accuracy control system for protection of information.
Based on the available amount of information
available to the IPA, against the acts of SIN, it is
possible to choose a decision on the choices you make
Without science it would be impossible to form a full environmental consciousness. To increase the validity and weight of the findings on the impact of environment on quality of life, it is necessary to quantify the strength and direction of the influence of diverse environmental factors. However, it appears that this is quite problematic for a number of reasons. First, it is the lack or inaccessibility of source of data which is necessary for such type of research. The same data, which still can be found cover just small periods of observations (small longitudinal research data), and their completion, including performing experiments, is fundamentally impossible. As a result, it is impossible to require such full data replications, which is a necessary condition for correct applying of factor analysis. Secondly, environmental factors are described with heterogeneous indices measured in different types of measurement scales (nominal, ordinal and numerical) and in different measurement units. Mathematical methods of comparable processing of such data, and the right software tools for these methods, generally speaking, do not exist. Third, these tasks are large-scale problems, i.e. they are not talking about 5 or max 7 factors as it was in factor analysis, but about hundreds and thousands. Fourthly, the original data is noisy and require sustainable methods. Fifthly, environmental factors are interrelated and require nonlinear nonparametric approaches. To solve these problems it is proposed to apply a new innovative intelligent technology: automated system-cognitive analysis and its software tool – a system called "Eidos". We have also given a brief numerical example of assessing the impact of environmental factors on life expectancy and causes of death
In the article the application of systemic-cognitive analysis, its mathematical model - the system theory of the information and its program toolkit - "Eidos" system for synthesis of the generalized images of classes, their abstraction, classification of the generalized images (clusters and constructs) comparisons of concrete images with the generalized images (identification) are examined. We suggest a new approach to the digitization of images, based on the use of the polar coordinate system, the center of gravity of the image and its contour. Before digitizing images we can use their changes to standardize the position of the picture-frames, their size and rotation. Therefore, if you specify this option, the results of digitization and image ASC-analysis can be invariant (independent) to their position, size and rotation. This means that in the model on the basis of a number of specific examples we will create one image of each class of images, independent of their specific implementations, i.e., the "Eidos" of these images (in the sense of Plato) - a prototype or archetype (in the Jungian sense) images. But the "Eidos" system provides not only the formation of prototype images, which quantitatively reflects the amount of information in the image elements of the prototype, but the removal of all irrelevant to identification (abstraction), and the comparison of specific images with generic (identification) and the generalized images of images together (classification). The article provides a detailed numerical example of ASC- analysis of images
Currently, the majority of scientific, technical and economic studies use statistical methods developed mainly in the first third of the XX century. They constitute the content of common textbooks. However, mathematical statistics are rapidly developing in the next 60 years. In some situations there is a need of the transition from classical to modern methods. As an example, we discuss the problem of testing the homogeneity of two independent samples. We have considered the conditions of applicability of the traditional method of testing the homogeneity based on the use of Student's t-statistic, as well as more up-to-date methods. We describe a probabilistic model of generation of statistical data in the problem of testing the homogeneity of two independent samples. In terms of this model the concept of "homogeneity" ("no difference"), can be formalized in different ways. High degree of homogeneity is achieved if the two samples are taken from one and the same population (absolute homogeneity). In some cases it is advisable to testing the coincidence of some characteristics of the elements of the sample - mathematical expectations, medians, variances, coefficients of variation, and others (testing the homogeneity of characteristics). To test the homogeneity of mathematical expectations is often recommended classic t-test. It is believed that the samples taken from a normal distributions with equal variances. It is shown that for scientific, technical and economic data the preconditions of two-sample t-test usually are not performed. To test the homogeneity of mathematical expectations instead of t-test we have offered to use the Cramer-Welch test. We have considered the consistent nonparametric Smirnov and Lehmann-Rosenblatt tests for absolute homogeneity