Scientific Journal of KubSAU

The soil by it physical and chemical properties is a poly-dispersed heterogeneous multicomponent unique environment for development of most microorganisms. The soil is the richest natural substrate according to microbial gene fund. Presence of plants and animals in soil maintains it heterogeneous as environment of soil microorganisms, which are main regulators of natural gas composition of atmosphere of Earth, including its macro- and micro-components (including the main "greenhouse" gases - methane, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide). Recently, the elucidation of these singularities of vital activity of soil organisms has resulted in general conclusion - due to them soil cover serves as a global bio-geo-chemical membrane, through which the exchange of matter and energy between pedosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and main living inhabitants of Earth does its work

During the last century, in the biosphere occur expressed processes of soil degradation due to anthropogenic influence, which seriously change of top layer of soil. The agricultural landscape is allocated of noticeable accumulation of various wastes at expense of growing of food crops and grazing of farm animals, as well as due to mineral wastes generated in process production of building materials and fertilizers from natural raw. According to physical and chemical characteristics of wastes of plant origin and natural-raw wastes constitute a non-toxic highly dispersed connection with an admixture of different undecomposed organic and mineral substances. Specificity of physical state is determined there of high dispersion, which is represented by system particles of colloidal substances distributed in various environments. Colloids of natural-raw wastes are characterized by a low rate of diffusion; do not penetrate finely porous membrane of cell structures, different very nonequilibrium insolubility and specific chemical composition. For example, phosphogypsum is characterized by high concentration of sulfur and calcium, and trace amounts of entire table of D.I. Mendeleev. Organic wastes are made by variety of chemical compounds and high concentration of carbohydrates, proteins, fats and other organic substances

Complex compost, which is formed in the process of unification of organic and mineral colloids, the formation of new cycles of nutrients, increasing the enzymatic activity of organic matter and respiration of living organisms, the formation of gaseous compounds, increase of ecological niches and land reclamation is a new direction in practical ecology, agriculture and soil science. This line determines of creation and use of complex mixtures of different wastes household, industrial and agricultural production for enrichment soil of organic and mineral dispersed and colloidal systems and improving their physical, chemical and biological and ecological functions. Formation of complex of compost is provided by the enrichment of substrate of organic matter, comprehensive set of mineral substances and their mixed colloidal composition. Microbial communities are determined by the level of transformation of organic matter and activity of life support system and the variety of living species. Entering into the top layer of soil of complex compost contributes to the development and expansion of ecological niches. At the complex compost it is very active increases the number of actinomycetes, especially representatives of the genus Streptomyces, the population of which are accumulated in the top layer of soil in the summer. Actinomycetes series of Cinereus were encountered most often in the soil after introduction of complex compost, Violaceus and Aureus were allocated less

Soil degradation (erodere – eat away, lat.) - a process when pieces of rocks and soil are separated from their initial location. Then transferred and deposited in some new place. The factors of erosion are water, wind, landslides, rock particles and etc. Erosion is the process of destruction and demolition of the soil cover (or parent rocks) by flows of water or wind which causes depletion of fertile top soil layer. The destruction of this layer occurs quickly, and for its restoration thousand years are required. Reduction of soil fertility is one of the main problems that are associated with its pollution. Erosion is a natural process that occurs very slowly ever since the Earth was formed (about 45-50 billion years ago). Realistically, mountains, valleys, plains and deltas on the Earth's surface have been created by water and wind erosion as a result of their joint action over a long period of time. Geological erosion was acted at a slow pace for hundreds of years. When humans appeared it occurred to be an invasion of species which could transform their natural environment. An artificial type of erosion, which acts much faster than the natural erosion, was formed because of human

Studying the situation and the impact on mountain landscapes of Caucasus allows by means of measurements to establish the most important sources of pollution, to identify the main forms of pressure (emissions, solid wastes, etc.) on the natural landscapes and agricultural systems, to develop a monitoring program with allocation the main objectives and most important tasks of its implementation. The main purpose of monitoring – is to collection of basic information, which will be aimed at addressing specific environmental problems for improvement soil cover on northern slopes of Caucasus and protect it from water erosion. The monitoring program allows getting information, which is due specific problem and conditions of certain area. The main tasks of monitoring the soil cover of northern slopes include concrete achievements in solving problems. At the beginning of monitoring follows determine the range of issues under study. More than often limited resources strictly dictate the need to reduce of measurement program, but always save quality of received material. For solving this problem we have to define the polygons of monitoring and select the objects that are affected by anthropogenic and natural factors. Considering defined technique, it is possible to evaluate the direction of development of particular ecosystem under the influence of a specific mode of action

Steppe rivers (Eja, Beysug, Chelbas et al.) occupy a vast Azov-Kuban plain, whose total length reaches 4800 km and catchment area of the entire hydrological network of up to 24 000 km. Dams and silting increase flooding of agricultural land and many rivers severely degraded with a reduction of its water content and its quality. Landscapes of the steppe zone occupy a middle reaches of the largest rivers - Beysug River, Chelbas, Eja and differ of transaccumulative character and accompanied by numerous beams and small slope that prone to weak erosion. The valleys of the steppe rivers are characterized by high and gentle slopes and floodplains of river slightly wavy and their deep areas are swamped. As a parent rocks it is dominated by loess clay and clay. Features of soil cover are determined by topography. Black soils were formed on the plain, eroded and meadow-black soils are on the slopes, and meadow-bog soils - in areas with stagnant water. The climate is characterized by moderate winter and hot summers with insufficient moistened soil and low air humidity. The vegetation of the river systems of the steppe zone is divided into marsh, meadow, meadow-steppe vegetations and vegetations of saltmarshes. The ichthyofauna of small rivers is very scanty that is determined by the hydrological regime. Plowing of lands along the water bodies, the development of wind and water erosion is typical for steppe rivers; therefore siltation and overgrowing of rivers are widespread

Soil degradation (erodere – eat away, lat.) - a process in which result pieces of rocks and soil are separated from of their initial location. Is then transferred and deposited in some new place. The factors of erosion are water, wind, landslides, rock particles and etc. Erosion is the process of destruction and demolition of the soil cover (or parent rocks) flows of water or wind what causes depletion of fertile top soil layer. The destruction of this layer occurs quickly, and for its restoration required the millennium. Reduction of soil fertility is one of the main problems that are associated with its pollution. Erosion is a natural process that occurs very slowly ever since as the Earth was formed (about 45-50 billion years ago). Realistically, mountains, valleys, plains and deltas on Earth's surface have been created by water and wind erosion as a result of their joint action over a long period of time. Geological erosion was acted at a slow pace for hundreds of years. With the emergence of the human occurred of invasion species which could transform their natural environment. Artificial type of erosion, which acts much faster than the natural erosion, was formed with the appearance human

In herbaceous communities of annual crops dominate clean sowings, which are characterized by high productivity. However, it is very poorly adapted, different weak transformation of matter and energy and stronger exposed to stressful situations as compared to natural systems. In agroecosystems only structural diversity can supporting many processes on a much aligned level. In agrolandscape system creates mixed sowings that are practiced in forage production of many areas. Great importance is the selection of crops for joint sowing because the relationship of species in created systems are poorly investigated and documented in the literature is not enough. Investigations were carried out on experimental plots on the farm called "Zavety Ilyicha" of the Leningrad district and training farm called "Kuban" in Krasnodar. Formation of joint sowings in different moistening conditions, level of fertility, chemical and physical condition of the soil is a very big problem. Cultivation of different cultures in joint sowings significantly influences the terms the onset of main phases of vegetation in certain species. For example, the placement of sorghum between rows of soybean noticeably extended the period of its vegetation (5-7 days); acceleration of interphase periods was marked for amaranth; height of plant noticeably was changed, leaf area was varied, indicator of competitive features of individual species was differed. The existence of the relationship between the method of sowing crops, their farming practices and composition of species and population of microflora, mesofauna of soil, yield of dry matter and grain was observed

Studies of ecosystems allow estimation of difficult processes (physical, chemical and biological), taking place in them and determine how to manage them. At the heart of the natural systems there are freely interacting populations of different taxons, productivity of their above-ground structures, details of which are quite limited, and as underground systems, the data have even less information. In the late 60s and early 70s in the XX century a lot of information appeared associated with problems of environment, its pollution, lack of energy of food resources, clean water; it determined the root cause of the reaction of the population of developed countries on the aggravation of relations between society of people and habitat. Existed for a long time the concept of the exploitation of nature, which reflected on using soils, forests, water and other sources and which showed the power of mankind and its technical power over nature. In reality, this concept was just a common strategy of aphids sucking their environment. Understanding the real situation on the different levels of consciousness of the population defined situation of practical and scientific research in the field of ecology of different directions - chemical, biological, mathematical and other sciences. Development of ecology today will evolve to meet conservation and sustainable development of the biosphere, which experiencing constant anthropogenic pressure. An important problem of agrolandscape systems is an objective assessment of their productivity. Among the issues that determine the development of agricultural systems there are the natural conditions and soil fertility, crop dynamics over the years, the duration of the growing season of individual taxons, as well as the possibility of create of mixed crops, different type of life form, ecological features, physiological diversity of biochemical characteristics. Sowings this type allow, under certain conditions, obtaining stable yields under any climate dynamics and significant reduction of soil erosion. Combined sowing that is practiced in South East Asia, particularly in China, where the main components are the soybean and corn. The usefulness of mixed crops is the stability of yields over the years and the ability to emphasize their resistance to dry weather conditions

Development of plants in mixed or combined sowings is based on the symbiotic association in the basis of which we have decreased sexual process and its mechanism of genetic exchange among endosymbionts and stimulating of genetic exchange and expansion of the diversity of species among exosymbionts. The exception is the symbiosis of orchids and fungi - activators of orchids mycorrhiza with developed micellar system easily passing on saprophytic option. Coevolution of plant organisms with fungi indicates the specifics symbiogenic conjugate evolution, showing an example of the evolution of a small community with different contact with the external environment. The phenomenon of symbiogenesis has a long history and was manifested in a variety of different types of organisms. Today, some dependence of existence of one species from other organisms is observed at approximately 75% of higher plants and 90% of the animals in varying degrees of symbiogenic dependence from other species and taxa. Originality of symbiogenesis was analyzed by Academician A.A. Takhtadzhyan (1973) during its consideration of origin of eukaryotic cells as process of "assembly" of a complex system. Different approaches to determining the biological essence of symbiosis are known in the history of study of this phenomenon. On the whole phenomenon of symbiosis belongs to the category mutual relations of organisms of different phylogenetic groups