The article presents a study on agro-biological and technological indicators of Don indigenous wine grapes in the conditions of the Anapa-Taman area of the viticulture of the Krasnodar region. It was found that the introduced varieties are consistent with the conditions of the area and can be recommended for growing in production plantations in southern Russia. On ripening, the varieties are as follows: the early ripening varieties are Sibirkovy; a group of middle-ripening - Aligote, Plechistik, Varyushkin; to the medium-late - Bessergenevsky 10 and Krasnostop Anapsky. Highest yield was proved to for such grape varieties as Bessergenevsky 10 (150 kg / ha) and Varyushkin (140 kg / ha). Test grapes of Aligoté and Krasnostop Anapsky showed an average yield of 120 and 130 kg / ha, respectively, red and Sibirkovy Plechistik - 140 and 135 kg / ha. Comparing the current literature with the results, we noted the following notable differences: all the studied indigenous wine grapes in the conditions of the Anapa-Taman area of the Krasnodar region matured earlier, had higher productivity indexes and gave higher yields, than in the conditions of their homeland Rostov region
Steppe rivers (Eja, Beysug, Chelbas et al.) occupy a vast Azov-Kuban plain, whose total length reaches 4800 km and catchment area of the entire hydrological network of up to 24 000 km. Dams and silting increase flooding of agricultural land and many rivers severely degraded with a reduction of its water content and its quality. Landscapes of the steppe zone occupy a middle reaches of the largest rivers - Beysug River, Chelbas, Eja and differ of transaccumulative character and accompanied by numerous beams and small slope that prone to weak erosion. The valleys of the steppe rivers are characterized by high and gentle slopes and floodplains of river slightly wavy and their deep areas are swamped. As a parent rocks it is dominated by loess clay and clay. Features of soil cover are determined by topography. Black soils were formed on the plain, eroded and meadow-black soils are on the slopes, and meadow-bog soils - in areas with stagnant water. The climate is characterized by moderate winter and hot summers with insufficient moistened soil and low air humidity. The vegetation of the river systems of the steppe zone is divided into marsh, meadow, meadow-steppe vegetations and vegetations of saltmarshes. The ichthyofauna of small rivers is very scanty that is determined by the hydrological regime. Plowing of lands along the water bodies, the development of wind and water erosion is typical for steppe rivers; therefore siltation and overgrowing of rivers are widespread
Soil degradation (erodere – eat away, lat.) - a process in which result pieces of rocks and soil are separated from of their initial location. Is then transferred and deposited in some new place. The factors of erosion are water, wind, landslides, rock particles and etc. Erosion is the process of destruction and demolition of the soil cover (or parent rocks) flows of water or wind what causes depletion of fertile top soil layer. The destruction of this layer occurs quickly, and for its restoration required the millennium. Reduction of soil fertility is one of the main problems that are associated with its pollution. Erosion is a natural process that occurs very slowly ever since as the Earth was formed (about 45-50 billion years ago). Realistically, mountains, valleys, plains and deltas on Earth's surface have been created by water and wind erosion as a result of their joint action over a long period of time. Geological erosion was acted at a slow pace for hundreds of years. With the emergence of the human occurred of invasion species which could transform their natural environment. Artificial type of erosion, which acts much faster than the natural erosion, was formed with the appearance human
In recent years, there is an increasing in crop losses from pests and diseases of plants worldwide. The use of different pesticides in intensive cultivation technologies of winter wheat can not resist it. Pathogenic microorganisms acquire resistance to drugs used and become more aggressive. This creates a lot of environmental problems. Plants are almost always under environmental stress. In this state, they are immunodeficient. However, it is impossible to reject pesticides completely. But pesticides are not able to replace the immune system of the plant, and in some cases are suppressing it. The article provides an overview of commonly used exogenous elicitors. We discuss the most important results of the joint use of the composition of preparations of eliciting action which are furolan and methionine. The present level of development of science has led to the emergence of new methods of plant protection, which is based on increasing the capacity of the immune plants, rather than the destruction of pathogens, as in the case of the use of pesticides. The yield increase by the use of biogenic elicitors as immunizers from 10 to 30% depending on the year, the varieties of plants and especially on infectious pathogens. The elicitors are used for soil treatment, seed soaking and plants, spraying the plants during the vegetation
In herbaceous communities of annual crops dominate clean sowings, which are characterized by high productivity. However, it is very poorly adapted, different weak transformation of matter and energy and stronger exposed to stressful situations as compared to natural systems. In agroecosystems only structural diversity can supporting many processes on a much aligned level. In agrolandscape system creates mixed sowings that are practiced in forage production of many areas. Great importance is the selection of crops for joint sowing because the relationship of species in created systems are poorly investigated and documented in the literature is not enough. Investigations were carried out on experimental plots on the farm called "Zavety Ilyicha" of the Leningrad district and training farm called "Kuban" in Krasnodar. Formation of joint sowings in different moistening conditions, level of fertility, chemical and physical condition of the soil is a very big problem. Cultivation of different cultures in joint sowings significantly influences the terms the onset of main phases of vegetation in certain species. For example, the placement of sorghum between rows of soybean noticeably extended the period of its vegetation (5-7 days); acceleration of interphase periods was marked for amaranth; height of plant noticeably was changed, leaf area was varied, indicator of competitive features of individual species was differed. The existence of the relationship between the method of sowing crops, their farming practices and composition of species and population of microflora, mesofauna of soil, yield of dry matter and grain was observed
Studies of ecosystems allow estimation of difficult processes (physical, chemical and biological), taking place in them and determine how to manage them. At the heart of the natural systems there are freely interacting populations of different taxons, productivity of their above-ground structures, details of which are quite limited, and as underground systems, the data have even less information. In the late 60s and early 70s in the XX century a lot of information appeared associated with problems of environment, its pollution, lack of energy of food resources, clean water; it determined the root cause of the reaction of the population of developed countries on the aggravation of relations between society of people and habitat. Existed for a long time the concept of the exploitation of nature, which reflected on using soils, forests, water and other sources and which showed the power of mankind and its technical power over nature. In reality, this concept was just a common strategy of aphids sucking their environment. Understanding the real situation on the different levels of consciousness of the population defined situation of practical and scientific research in the field of ecology of different directions - chemical, biological, mathematical and other sciences. Development of ecology today will evolve to meet conservation and sustainable development of the biosphere, which experiencing constant anthropogenic pressure. An important problem of agrolandscape systems is an objective assessment of their productivity. Among the issues that determine the development of agricultural systems there are the natural conditions and soil fertility, crop dynamics over the years, the duration of the growing season of individual taxons, as well as the possibility of create of mixed crops, different type of life form, ecological features, physiological diversity of biochemical characteristics. Sowings this type allow, under certain conditions, obtaining stable yields under any climate dynamics and significant reduction of soil erosion. Combined sowing that is practiced in South East Asia, particularly in China, where the main components are the soybean and corn. The usefulness of mixed crops is the stability of yields over the years and the ability to emphasize their resistance to dry weather conditions
The article presents results of the study of lavender reproduction (Lavandula angustifolia Mill) with methods of generative reproduction (seeds), vegetative reproduction (cutting, layening, divide of buch), clonal microreproduction using the culture in vitro.
The method of cloned microreproduction based on the culture of the isolated meristems which provides genetic identity of regenerated plants to initial forms and high coefficients of reproduction, improvement of landing material from fungal and bacterial infection, and also release from viruses at a combination with methods of thermotherapy and a chemotherapy is the most effective for the solution of objectives of seed farming of a lavender. As a material for carrying out researches we had plants of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill), Sineva sorts, Stepnaya and perspective selection samples 337-9 and 310-17. Apical meristems 0,2-1,0 mm high isolated from top and axilary buds of a stalk of annual plants have been used as explant. Murasige and Skuga (MS) used as a basic nutrient medium for cultivation of the isolated meristems. Explants have been cultivated in the cultural room with 25-26 0C - temperature, lighting – 2-3 lx, relative humidity – 60-70%. It has been established that both April and October are the best month for isolation of meristems correspond calendar to phases of spring and autumn growth at the lavender donor plants and that optimum is an agar nutrient medium of MS, added with kinetin (1,0 mg/l) and GC (1,0 mg/l); frequency of regeneration of all studied genotypes was 90,0-100,0 %. Feature of morphogenesis of lavender meristems in vitro culture was already at the first stage of clonal microreproduction as there was a multiple shoot formation. Studying of features of development of lavender microplants during ten passages also was carried out, as the level of stability of regeneration processes throughout several cycles of a miсrograftage is one of important factors on which efficiency of microreproduction depends. We have also shown, that the efficiency of reproduction remains at the stable level of the sort named Sineva and sample #337-9 to the 8th passage (1:7,77-12,45 and 1:7,60-11,85 respectively), at the variety called Stepnaya - to the 7th passage (1:6,10-11,81), at the sample #310-17 - to the 6th passage (1:6,17-8,37)
This article is devoted to treatment effects of cuttings
of a grape variety called Moldova with 0.01% solution
of heteroauxin on their regenerative capacity,
depending on the light conditions. We have established
that the germination of cuttings in the dark, as well as
the treatment of heteroauxin significantly stimulate
their regenerative abilities. The length of the shoots,
regardless of the use of heteroauxin, depends on the
mode of the light produced during the germination of
cuttings. In both studies, the length of the shoots on the
end of experiment cuttings germinated in the dark, was
1,71-2,66 times more than when germinated in the
light. Cuttings rooting ability also largely depends on
the light produced in their germination. In both studies,
the rooting of cuttings started earlier and passed more
rapidly during their germination in the dark.
Processing cuttings with heteroauxin, followed by
germination in the dark, speeded up the formation of
roots even more, compared with the case where the
cuttings treated with heteroauxin germinated in the
light. In the best case rooting increased by 42,5-47,5%,
the number of roots on basal ends of cuttings in 18,3-
18,5 times, the numbers of cuttings with 3 or more
roots to 72,5-80,0%
The essential part of a soil cover of the Republic of Adygea is occupied by gray forest soils. Thus they still remain a little studied, including concerning their resistance to chemical pollution. Contamination of gray forest soils of Adygea with Zn, Cd, Mo, Se causes deterioration of their biological properties. In most cases, the degree of reduction of the values of biological indicators is directly dependent on the concentration of pollutant in the soil. According to the degree of toxicity to the biological properties of the investigated elements form the following sequence: Se > Zn > = Cd > Mo. Biological parameters investigated in research (activity of catalase and dehydrogenase, cellulolytic ability, abundance of bacteria of the genus Azotobacter, radish root length) may be used for purposes of monitoring, diagnosis and regulation of chemical pollution of gray forest soils Zn, Cd, Mo, Se
This article is devoted to the study of small mammal communities (species composition, daily activity and spatial distribution) in the agrocoenosis. The fields of winter crops that were surrounded by similar fields or by winter crops with meadow vegetation were researched. The Mus musculus became the dominant species in the winter crops agrocoenosis. The R. Sylvaemus living near the border with field-protective forest belts (and 25 meters field around) are subdominant group. Marked single finds Mus musculus in the forest and R. Sylvaemus in the field (at a distance before 50 meters). It is shown that the presence of meadow vegetation increases the species diversity of mice in the agrocoenosis. In the middle of this field a subdominantion group is Microtus arvalis s.l. and Cricetulus migratorius. The both species prefer a neighborhood with meadow vegetation. The method of recapture, followed by labeling with animals, made it possible to fix the movement for a distance of about 400 m. during the night (maximum values were males Mus musculus). The activity of small mammals in the winter crops was timed to coincide with the day-night cycles, with high activity from 01:00 to 04:00 am, and minimum activity after 09:00 hours of the morning before 08:00 pm