Agricultural use leads to a significant transformation of soils. The first to use the soil for cultivation react most sensitive biological indicators. The purpose of the study - to establish the effect of using the brown forest soils for planting apple orchards for their biological activity, in particular on the humus content, enzyme activity (catalase and dehydrogenase). For the control, we have selected forest area adjacent to arable land. Because of violations of the natural vegetation, there are changes in hydrothermal conditions of the soil. Humidity soil plowed off under forest, while temperatures gets considerably higher. Plowing, compared with the control, revealed significant loss of humus (50%) in the upper most disturbed horizons. In the lower horizons of the values of this index were quite low (1.5%) on all sections of the test. The decline in humus content, as well as overheating and draining soil tillage results in a change of enzymatic activity not only in the surface layers, but also in the whole profile. Due to the movement of the most favorable hydrothermal conditions in the underlying horizons, an increase of enzyme activity over control values in the deeper layers of the soil. The article shows a possibility of the use of biological indicators as indicators of changes in the brown forest soils as a result of agricultural use
We studied the effects of heavy metal pollution on
soil phytotoxicity cities of the Rostov region. The
research objects were the soils of urbolandscape
towns: Taganrog, Novocherkassk, Gukovo, Shakhty,
Azov. The study of the soil pollution with heavy
metals was recorded in Gukovo, Shakhty, Taganrog.
The degree of pollution of the studied cities form the
following row: Gukovo > Shakhty > Taganrog >
basics > Novocherkassk. The research was carried
out in 2011-2015 at the Department of ecology and
environmental Sciences of southern Federal
University. In most cases, there was a direct
correlation between pollutant concentration and the
degree of deterioration of the studied soil properties.
Used biological indicators are informative for
monitoring of urban soils polluted with heavy metal.
The degree of informativity of biological indicators
form the following row: root length > germination
>length of shoots. The results of the study can be
used for monitoring and diagnosing the condition of
contaminated soils, in the assessment of
environmental impact, risk assessment of natural and
synthetic disasters, the development of regional
standards on the content of heavy metals in soil and
in other environmental and industrial activities
There are changes in almost all the properties of
chernozems under locally overmoistening. In
general, changes in the properties and conditions of
chernozems under the development of local wetlands
went in a particular way, regardless of the
peculiarities of soil formation factors and causes
waterlogging. The most noticeable change is the
transformation of physical properties of soil and
organic matter status. According to our research,
more quickly and clearly excessive moisture causes a
change in the physical properties of the soil. There
are changes of the structural state, bulk density and
amount of water-stable aggregates. The significant
change is the transformation of soil organic matter.
There is increasing of total humus content. In a
group composition, the fraction of humic and fulvic
acids increases the share. The humus profile is
stretched. In the majority of cases in investigated
soils was diagnosed secondary salinization. The
periodic waterlogging of the soil also contributes to
the change in the amount of soil carbonates and their
distribution in the profile. Chernozems gradually lose
calcium, the main structurant and humates maker.
Among the most studied soil of Zernogradsky region
in the cationic part of the prevailing spot goes
sodium. In addition, the narrowing ratio of calcium
to magnesium was observed. That is the hallmark of
the aqueous extract of locally overmoistening soils
There has been conducted the analysis of woody plants
quantity in various types of stands in Rostov-on-Don,
as well as the evaluation of their state and the rate of
environmental resistance destabilization.
It has been ascertained that the stands of almost all of
the urban gardening objects are in a salvaged
condition. There have been elaborated
recommendations for enhancement of the stands
inspected
The analysis of phenological phenomena of 9 tree and
shrub species and longevity of their vegetation activity
was made in Tomsk (southeastern West Siberian
Plain). Since 1969 until 2013 the start of the
phenological phenomena in the trees and shrubs
became to be earlier and the end did to be later. Trends
of the start of birch juice moving and flowering is
higher (–2.5–3.4 days/decade) than trends of leave
appearance, yellowing and falling (+2.5–1.3
days/decade) in the trees and shrubs. Dates of the start
of the phonological stages and the sums of
accumulated positive temperatures high correlate
between each other. The period of their general
vegetation activity increased by 20 days and active
vegetation activity did by 7 days
The research work was conducted at the Research Laboratory
of Biotechnology, Biochemistry, Biophysics
Department of Kuban State Agrarian University. The
main purpose of this study was to select the most productive
type of fungus of a genus of Trichoderma and
optimal nutrient medium on basis of a waste of reprocessing
of soy for acquire of protein enzyme feed supplement.
For selection of a fungus of a genus
Trichoderma used 3 types: Trichoderma viride,
Trichoderma lignorum, and Trichoderma harsianum.
We used 3 types of nutrient media as a carrier for
micromycete, which were based on soy okara and the
additional sources of reprocessing of raw plant material
– husk of a sunflower, husk of wheat (bran) and
husk of rice. The results demonstrated the benefits of
using the nutrient medium based on soy okara forms
and husk of a sunflower fungus to enhance
Trichoderma lignorum production
The article provides the information about the species
diversity of the family Fabaceae in the natural area of
the Yakut botanical garden. It also provides the
information about the method and the study area, a
description of the ambient phytocenotic, taxonomic
analysis, areal analysis, bio-morphological analysis
(the variety of life forms) given by K. Raunkier,
rhythm analysis, environmental analysis (by A.P.
Schennikov), analysis of phytocoenotic. We have also
provided a summary of the endemics of Central
Yakutia - Thermopsis lanceolata R. Br. subsp. jacutica
(Czefr.)
The article considers the regularities of the growth and development of the plantations of Crimean and Scotch pine on sandy soils of Tersko-Kumskoye interfluve plain, presents the classification of forest suitability, estimates the forest growing efficiency and prospects of the use of pine species when forest amelioration of soils, suggests the technologies for forestations arrangement. During the past century there had been grown over 60 hectares of pine cultures on sands of Tersko-Kumskoye interfluve plain under the strict conditions of transition zone dry steppe-semidesert. The Achikulakskaya NILOS VNIALMI (N. K. Lalymenko, V. I. Kabalaliyev, N. S. Zyuz) managed to plant about 60 hectares of Crimean pine and over 5 hectares of Scotch pine cultures in the 70-80-th of the last century, about 50 % of them are still growing. The study of the said forestations led to the following conclusions. On the thick sands (6-8 m) of Bazhigansky forest area the stable growth of Scotch pine continues up to 25-30 years, that of Crimean pine – up to 30-35 years. By the age of 40 the productivity of Crimean pine forestations (170-260 m3/ha) exceeds visibly the accumulated reserve of Scotch pine forest stand (60-100 m3/ha). The increment in height decreases sharply starting at the age of 15-20 years for Scotch pine and at 25-30 for Crimean pine plantations. On the clay sands with the level of low-mineralized ground water of 2,5-3,0 m and despite high fall the stable growth of Crimean pine continues up to 35-40 years and more. On the monophase sands of Tersky forest area the Crimean pine grows relatively slowly during the first 10-15 years though more evenly year by year. The thick lamellar deposits and monophase sands with the depth of sweet ground water of 3-5 m provide the best conditions for forest growing. The longevity of Scotch pine plantations of 50-55 years and that of Crimean pine of 60-65 years can be achieved by current planting technologies and effective conservation of the forestations on the thick sands, while on the medium thick clay sands it can be 60-65 and 70-75 correspondingly, and on the monophase sands on the sites with the additional life-long sweet ground water nutrition – over 80 years. The following measures should be the most effective when afforestation of highly overgrown sites – the many-year fallow and thorough cultivation of inter-rows of young cultures and their planting with coulisses and blocks. When planting of cultures on interfluve plain on lightly overgrown sands of low water capacity the planting of seedlings by combined aggregates type MPP-1 provides the best results. The ecological and economical effectiveness of forest amelioration of pastures forms of the costs of the woody and non-woody forestation resources, their soil-conservation, environment improvement and recreation functions. The effect of one hectare of pasture protective pine coulisses planted on lowdegraded pastures should be about 35 thousand rubles during 50 years (average longevity of forestations), when amelioration of highly overgrazed pastures it would be 130 thousand rubles per year. The main part (80-90 %) of the benefit takes the costs of the prevented loss caused by wind erosion
The results of introduction test of species and cultivars
variety of irises in the Central Yakutia are described in
this article. Climatic conditions of the introduction
region are extreme and they are strong restrictive
factor at introduction to the culture of many other
species and cultivar of decorative plants. The condition
of plants after rewintering was estimated on a 4-mark
scale. Total number of the plants which were lost in
the first winter (0 points) is 126 species and cultivars
that is 60,9%. For 01.06.2015 year a collection of
irises in Yakutia makes 40 exemplar of species (22
species) and 31 exemplar of cultivars (30 cultivars), 7
species of them are successfully adapted (3 points)
(Iris biglumis Vahl., I. bloudowii Ledeb., I. potaninii
Maxim., I. scariosa Willd., I. setosa Pallas ex Link.,
I. tigridia Bunge, Pardanthopsis dichotoma (Pallas)
Lenz). The listed species annually plentifully blossom,
form seeds and intensive form escapes. Four species
Iris biglumis, I. scariosa, I. bloudowii, Pardanthopsis
dichotoma are form stable self-seedling
Prolactin (PRL) - is a peptide hormone. It effects on
metabolic processes in mammals and birds. Indel
genotype mutations in a prolactin gene were
determined in 595 hens and cocks. Polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) were used. We studied four different
breeds: Cornish, White Russian, Pushkin, Yurlov
crower. Homozygous of insertion II, homozygous
deletion of DD and heterozygous ID were observed in
all groups. The differences in frequencies of genotypes
and alleles were observed in all groups. Homozygotes
II and allele I (frequency is 0,83) were the most
common for Russian white chickens with high egg
production and the lack of the instinct of incubation.
Prolactin gene deletion was more common for beef
Cornish. The frequency of D allele was 0,84. Pushkin
chickens proved to be closer to the egg type. A
significant number of heterozygotes with this mutation
were noted in a population of Yurlov crower. It is
recommended to use gene prolactin as a marker of
productive indicators in chickens