Scientific Journal of KubSAU

In the article we performed an analysis and generalization of the accumulated results of scientific research and best practices in the problem of creating and using machines and technologies in field cultivation of the Krasnodar region; their shortcomings are revealed, as well as ways and means of increasing the efficiency of field crop production through innovative technology machines. Attention is paid to eliminating the violation of agrotechnical, environmental requirements, complexity and quality work performed by serial equipment; unreasonably dependent nomenclature of technical means and high labor costs and means compared with foreign technologies, proposals have been developed for a system of machines for mechanizing field cultivation, which includes the I450 mobile power tool, Belarus tractor 1523 and 890, the fertilizer sprayer TUNAN-1, E5-1, KZR combines -12 and CF-10, a fundamentally new loop of cars for mobile power is based on multifunctional units, assembled from serial single-operation machines according to the inventions of KubSAU, and machine technologies based on the use of multifunctional units strictly comply with the farming system and the fulfillment of the above requirements. The transition of agricultural enterprises to new technologies for the production of field products is justified, including a “non-spring” for cereals, legumes and oilseeds, a new system of tractors and trailed combines that are not inferior to self-propelled, but much cheaper. The new mechanization system provides a breakthrough in the efficient production of crop production in accordance with the estimated technical and economic indicators

As a result of scientific analysis of the effective plant protection by spraying them with protective-stimulating liquids, the most progressive pneumohydraulic processing method was chosen, enabling the use of a wide mode range. The proposed pneumatic sprayer design can be used to equip sprayers, pollinators and combined units to perform basic operations with the use of pesticides and fertilizers. Using liquid crushing through exposure to working fluid flowing from the feeding tubes of sprayers (jets) with a high-speed air jet, it was possible to carry out the spraying process in a low-volume and ultra-small-volume way in a highly dispersive airborne jets. To study the air-borne jet parameters, providing the working fluid spraying quality as a polydisperse system, we have used a probabilistic-statistical analysis method. It studies variation range of signs according to the classes. Theoretically, the air-borne jet forming process by a pneumatic slit sprayer was considered. Using the three-factor central composite rotatable uniform plan (CURUP), the influence of three factors (surge tank position in cm, air pressure MPa and the feeding tube inclination angle in degrees) on the sprayer performance and the surface response on the working fluid median-mass diameter was determined. It was found that the response surfaces have a form of a paraboloid, the extremum of which is observed at an air pressure of 0.15 MPa (the center of the plan) and the tube installation angle in the spray housing equal to 60 degrees with the middle surge tank position. The maximum coating density of the treated object was 95 pieces / cm2 at the same position of the surge tank and air pressure in the pneumatic line of 0.3 MPa. It was proved that ultra-low volume spraying can be carried out in wide ranges of initial data while observing spraying quality requirements according to the drop median-mass diameter, the average coating density and their distribution uniformity

New ways of solving reducing soil compaction problem are substantiated. Soil compaction destroys its structure, violates its water-air regime, and leads to erosion and reduced yield. The effectiveness of the presented directions, based on the analysis of the issue and the results of own research is confirmed by practical use in the crop production processes mechanization of intellectual engineering authors' developments, based on their inventions and well-known serial technology selected from Automated reference system "agricultural machinery". It was the synthesis of own research results and modern agricultural machinery best samples analysis that allowed us to form an effective system of machines that reduce the harmful soil compaction. This ensures soil fertility preservation and crop yield increase. The set of machines proposed in the system for soil processing, sowing, fertilizing, spraying and harvesting not only reduces soil compaction but also improves work quality, labor productivity and complexity of the work performed, harvest and reduces costs of all types (energy, money, labor). The basis of the problem solution consists of a combination of technological operations for one pass of the unit across the field, multifunctional units application in the system that performs tillage and seeding, fertilization and tillage, additional fertilizing of spike crops with simultaneous harrowing, harvesting with simultaneous stubbling or straw pressing etc., refusal to use heavy machinery in the fields, trucks, conversion tracked system on tractors, front and rear hydraulics for making multi-functional units, the use of fundamentally new machines and adaptations to them according to the inventions of the authors

The system of the main handling of the soil on an agrolandscape basis in the conditions of Kuban is analyzed and in relation to it the technical supply promoting competitive production of crop production is proved. Conservation and expanded production of humus of the Kuban chernozems is possible only in case of observance of recommendations and the balanced biologically adaptive system of agriculture providing improvement of water and physical and chemical properties of the arable land in various agrolandscapes due to observance of crop rotations, the technology space, the boardless, surface and "zero" treatments with creation of a favorable phytosanitary situation, use of a crop residue remaining balance, green manure, a fertilizer, manure and composts. The application was recommended in the system and technicians of new generation with automated control systems and work quality control, the sparing tradable systems, admissible weight with use of navigation aids and GPS is proved. We have suggested a system machine for soil cultivation in the Kuban region, it radically changes technologies, reduces the nomenclative list of the used equipment, facilitates servicing and operation of machines, improves rhythm, threading of production processes and complexity of the performed works. All this promotes decrease in capital investments and a work gain in productivity. The offered technical supply of system of the main handling of the soil for conditions of the Krasnodar region is proved taking into account agrolandscapes and evidence-based system of agriculture, auxiliary the main component - resource-saving system of the tillage machines which are qualitatively carrying out agrorequirements, reducing costs and promoting the increased product competitiveness of crop production

Using queuing theory (QT) for the new technology of harvesting of grain crops by the method of «Neveyka», the method of optimal designing of maintenance system and elimination of failures of units used in cleaning technology and post-harvest processing of grain has been considered. On the basis of a systematic approach, taking into account the probabilistic nature of the change of operating factors the methodical directions of validity test of the adoption of the Poisson distribution in the calculation of operating modes were substantiated to optimize maintenance level units and eliminate failures in the operation of the machines, the probability of failure-free operation of harvesting and transport aggregates. The probability of failure-free operation of each type of units used in the cleaning of grain depends on their number and intensity of service. According to the numerical value the probability of failure-free operation of units is equal to the probability of idle units for maintenance and elimination of failures. Since it is impossible to determine separately the value of the probability of failure-free operation for all types of units and all kinds of services at different operating conditions the generalized solution has been offered, this solution is applicable to any serviced unit during both the technical inspection and elimination of failures. By specifying the desired value of the probability of failure-free operation of harvesting units, according to their number we can determine the appropriate ratio between the average length of service and the average period of time between incoming service requirements (technical inspection and elimination of failures) from one unit

The tasks set in "The strategy of engine and technological modernization of agriculture until 2020" provide growth of labor productivity by 3–4 times. In our article, we have attempted to concretize in a zone sectional view the direction action for successful engine and technological modernization for the purpose of implementation of such strategically important point. Radical modernization of system of vehicles for complex mechanization of field husbandry based on the domestic equipment in relation to natural and technological conditions of the Krasnodar region is offered. Realization of system of transport is supposed with use of the equipment of the fourth generation, but in 2020 the equipment of the fifth generation and innovative processing methods for production of grain crops has to be realized. It is noted that the solution of such task without the state participation is impossible. The fundamental principles of improvement of system of vehicles for field husbandry and engine technologies are offered. The main of them is a new system of mobile power, new highly productive motorless grain - beetroot-, forage harvesters, new multipurpose units with the offered devices for combination of the technological operations changing labor-intensive technologies radically. We offer replacement of heavy tractors, self-propelled combines; cutting-down of the nomenclature of the equipment at the expense of multipurpose units, main application of fertilizers along with processing of the soil, drop of sealing of the soil and its dispersion. The offered technical re-equipment of branch will provide precision performance of operations, increase in labor productivity and economy of resources

The production system analysis of high-quality winter wheat grain was done and the problem solution methods based on mechanization production processes strategy through a new generation of equipment and innovative improvement of machine technologies were outlined. Deterioration of grain quality indicators in the country was marked: the proportion of strong wheat is not more than 0.5% of commodity grain resources, and about 80% of exportable parties is wheat of 4...5 classes. Thus, it is possible due to the process mechanization to raise the grain quality. A well-known method of functional-cost analysis was applied to ground machine technological operations, which are the first to be developed in order to improve the wheat quality in the entire technological system, the demand for which is reduced abroad. The basic technological principles of production of high-quality grain were designed. They have three subsystems: the structure of the wheat varieties for the agricultural producer, the previous crops for wheat, features of cultivation technology of valuable varieties on the basis of intelligent manufacturing systems machines. The mechanization of high quality grain production processes was proposed. It can provide engine technology improvement due to rational composition machine-tractor units of new generation. They allow abandoning the outdated usual items of machinery used in their system and dramatically raise labor productivity due to the combination of operations, quality of work, yield and reduce costs. The features of mechanization on harvesting and post-harvest grain refinement are reflected with the aim of improving its quality. Applied to various forms of management, intellectual grain sorting means of mechanization recommended, which contribute to an increase in wheat quality. The impact of "neveika" technology with the completion of a heap at the stationary place on the grain quality improvement was marked

The article presents a production system analysis of high-quality winter wheat grain and the problem solution methods based on mechanization production processes strategy through a new generation of equipment and innovative improvement of machine technologies were outlined. Deterioration of grain quality indicators in the country was marked: the proportion of strong wheat is not more than 0.5% of commodity grain resources, and about 80% of exportable parties is wheat of 4...5 classes. Thus, it is possible due to the process mechanization to raise the grain quality. A well-known method of functional-cost analysis was applied to ground machine technological operations, which are the first to be developed in order to improve the wheat quality in the entire technological system, the demand for which is reduced abroad. The basic technological principles of production of high-quality grain were designed. They have three subsystems: the structure of the wheat varieties for the agricultural producer, the previous crops for wheat, features of cultivation technology of valuable varieties on the basis of intelligent manufacturing systems machines. The mechanization of high quality grain production processes was proposed. It can provide engine technology improvement due to rational composition machine-tractor units of new generation. They allow to abandon the outdated usual items of machinery used in their system and dramatically raise labor productivity due to the combination of operations, quality of work, yield and reduce costs. The features of mechanization on harvesting and post-harvest grain refinement are reflected with the aim of improving its quality. Applied to various forms of management, intellectual grain sorting means of mechanization recommended, which contribute to an increase in wheat quality. The impact of "neveika" technology with the completion of the heap at the stationary place on the grain quality improvement was marked

A methodology for a multilevel system approach to integrated optimization of processes of harvest, transportation and cleaning of the grain during the harvest by the method of «Neveyka» has been developed. The main method of research - is a queuing theory of all components of the yield except straw. The System consists of 6 interconnected subsystems with their inputs and outputs, and its own optimality criteria. On the first level of optimization, the most efficient way of wheat harvest «Neveyka» has been proved. On the second level - the total duration of the harvest with allowance for 4-5 cultivated wheat sorts, each of which is harvested within 5 calendar days, was optimized. The third level proves the requirement of combine harvesters and transport vehicle. On the fourth level - the combinations of harvesting and transport units are optimized on the criterion of the minimum amount of the loss on the mutual expectations of harvesters and vehicles. The fifth optimization level proves the capacity of the reception station of the grain storage, where the main criterion for optimality is the least amount of losses on the mutual waiting time of the transportation vehicles, and the additional criterion is the minimum waiting time of vehicles in the queue. On the sixth and the final stage the specific annual economic effect (rub/ha or rub/t) from the implementation of the proposed technology is determined. It is established, that during the grain harvesting, transporting and processing of heap there are elementary or Poisson probability flows of requirements for service. The Representation of harvesting - transport link in the form of closed queuing system of independent harvesting unit. An approach to the justification of failure-free operation of a station for cleaning grain heap and storage of grain and chaff is presented

There have been suggested the courses of refinement of the crop production technologies, has been studied the efficiency of multipurpose assemblies (MPA) in the process of mechanization of plant growing, which provide the production of competitive agricultural products, more perfect machinery construction and tools, improving the quality of automated tasks completion, the issues of machine stock renovation, raising the effectiveness of their use, complexity of tasks, integrity and continuity of the working process, environmental safety of the production. The high level of the complex task performance is based on combining several technological operations, completed during a single pass of MPA, drastically refining the basic variants of the technologies. Using the example of the multipurpose assembly Vector for stubble tillage, introduction of mineral fertilizers, planting of intercrops and packing of soil, we can observe a significant advantage of the suggested technology in comparison with using a mass produced single-function machine. Combining several technological operations in a single MPA pass guarantees agritechnical, ecological, energetic and economic efficiency. However, no attention is still paid to the issue of the crop losses decrease (direct and indirect) during harvesting, as well as to the problem of the complexity of postharvest tasks simultaneously with harvesting (tillage, planting of intercrops, introducing fertilizers, etc). In the current article we have provided the results of these studies. Respecting the regulations of environmental safety of technical units leads to the soil fertility raise and the pollution decrease of agricultural products. All of them are carried out in the technical support of the crop production technologies