Name
Uspensky Ivan Alekseevich
Scholastic degree
•
Academic rank
professor
Honorary rank
—
Organization, job position
Ryazan State Agrotechnological University named after P.A. Kostychev
Web site url
—
—
Articles count: 52
Potato is cultivated in 130 countries on an area of over
18 million hectares; it annually gives more than 300
million tons of tubers. The share of the Russian
Federation accounts is about 11% ... 14% of total
production. The resulting potatoes consumed in food, animal feed, technical purposes, seed fund. According
to the Ministry of agriculture of Russia, the largest
number of potatoes in our country (89 %) is produced in
peasant farms and personal farms of citizens, the area of
cultivation of which make up about 2.7 million hectares.
At such farms for the harvest, they use mainly potatodiggers,
followed by selection of crops manually. The
use of diggers in small areas of planting is more costefficiently
in relation to the harvesting combine. In
addition, the parameters requested for ATT to damage
potatoes when harvesting with the diggers (3%) are
higher than during harvesting by combine harvester
(5%). As practice shows, for the use of cleaning units,
even under optimal harvesting conditions in the hopper
of the combine, there are soil and vegetable impurities.
There are many different devices intended to localize
the problem. Based on the foregoing, we can conclude
that it is necessary to pay considerable attention to the
quality of work of excavating working bodies, because
it affects the productivity of the functioning of the
whole machine. Currently, there are widespread potato
aggregates with the receiving part, equipped with side
disks, spaced along the edges of the plowshares. The
disks cut off the raised layer of soil from between the
rows. This entails improving the performance of the
potato harvester. The most efficient and economical
from the point of view of energy consumption, is the
work of passive disks with hooks. The quality of potato
harvesters depends on the design and performance of
excavating bodies. The proposed design solution for an
excavating body increases the productivity of harvesting
machines
The article presents native and foreign bench-top
and board methods to test the automobile break
systems. One can find information about some
native trailer-break stands. We have analyzed their
advantages and drawbacks such as low information
capacity, high diagnostics processing time, low
quality of regulation and maintenance operations
due to big influence of the operator’s experience,
his knowledge and individual characteristics, and
great instability of manual test modes on the results
of the investigations. To remove these shortcomings
they have had some experiments at MADI in order
to develop the module to the brake qualities stand.
When using it one can have automatic diagnoses
and flow chart is presented in the article. Due to the
existing vehicles’ state inspection mode and
diagnostic means in our country there appeared new
stands for brakes control. One can attribute to these
devices a range of brake qualities stands developed
and produced at Novgorod plant GARO. These are
STS-3, STS-10 and STO series stands for cars,
trucks, buses and micro-buses. The article also
presents some foreign stands used in Russia such as
universal brake stands STM by META firm, the
break stand IW7 Eurosystem by MAHARUSSIA
firm. We have presented in the article the results of
the analysis of simple and complicated board means
of diagnosis as “Eftor-2”, “Effect”
The article presents a technical diagnostics of a car as a complex of goals and tasks connected with
trouble-shooting of mechanisms and systems in
order to eliminate them. We have considered the
stages of computer diagnostics of different
automobile systems such as diagnosing the engine,
the brake system, steering and suspension. We have
analyzed their components, the ways of troubleshooting
and elimination recommendations. The
article presents the main troubles transferred from
the electronic control unit. The article also presents
the stages of diagnosing the engine including
external examination, listening to abnormal noises,
checking the operating fluids and the engine
management system, diagnosing the basic engine
systems and checking the cylinders being filled.
The article contains the list of main troubles and
their reasons. One can also see diagnosing the brake
system, its defects and remedies. The article
presents diagnostics and repair of the suspender and
graphics describing the check of the dismantled
shock strut at the stand and tests of the shock strut
without being dismantled. We have analyzed
computer diagnostics and the problems it solves
Due to the deterioration of the ecological situation
in the world, population tends to eat organically
grown foods that are grown either without or with
minimal use of chemicals. The development of
agriculture in this direction leads ultimately to
organic agriculture. To improve the competitiveness of this direction, we need more
effective agricultural machines, especially in the
last phase of cultivation, namely at the stage of
harvesting. One of the most difficult scientific and
technical problems with the mechanical harvesting
of potatoes is not letting vegetable impurities and
tops to fall down in the hopper with the potato
tubers, which among other things will improve
operational efficiency technology. The article
reviewed the various methods for removing the
tops, as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
The article makes a conclusion about the need for
potato top separators in harvesting machines. We
have also considered a promising device for
removing haulm, a conveyor with flexible fingers
on the bars and the clamping beater. Тhe most
short-lived structural element of the device for
removing haulm, reducing reliability of the device,
is flexible fingers mounted on rods. We have
proposed to use polyurethane as a material for
manufacturing flexible fingers
The article contains analysis of consumption of
the main natural resources and their use in the
automotive industry. It is noted that during the
manufacture of the car pollution is obtained in 2
times more than in exploitation. It defines the
essence of recycling process (autorecycling) and
its ecological components. Activity on autorecycling
was expressed through the index of recycling
efficiency. We have analyzed the global car
fleet and average annual amount of automotive
waste, million tons per year. We point out that
one of the economic components of recycling is
the use of parts and mechanisms of machines
ready for further use, by qualitative technical diagnostics
with use of diagnostics devices. The
problem of utilization technological effectiveness
of cars as set of the properties characterizing fitness
of a design to utilization at the minimum
costs of time, work, means, providing the minimum
negative impact on environment and the
maximum involvement of components of the
written-off equipment in processing or a reuse is
considered. The main definitions and factors defining
utilization technological effectiveness and
its main indicators are given. The main ways of
increasing of utilization technological effectiveness
of cars are offered and the conclusion is
drawn that simplifying dismantling of the car on
automobile components, reducing dismantle time,
time of draining of everything, the liquids and oils
applied at operation, applying environmentally
friendly materials, etc., the designer can increase
technological effectiveness of the car at utilization.
As a result of the solved task we have got
ecological and economic effect of vehicle recycling
In recent years, in many countries around the
world, much attention is paid to the issues of
ensuring of rational use of energy resources,
due to a number of objective factors, chief
among which are: the lack of own energy
resources to meet domestic energy needs; the
sharp increase in the cost of production and the
production of energy resources; further growth
in energy needs; the presence of large potential
opportunities to reduce unproductive losses of
fuel and energy. In the world, the challenge
now is to ensure a gradual but steady transfer of
the economy on energy saving way of
development. To achieve the goal of reducing
energy costs we might use two ways: firstly, the
widespread introduction of energy saving
technologies, and secondly, the reduction of
material production, improving its quality and
service. In agriculture, the improvement of the
technological process can be carried out using
new tillage methods, improving the
organization of production and tools. Further
development of mechanization in agriculture
will contribute to further growth of
electrification in the agricultural sector, which
will significantly reduce the use of the most
expensive and limited energy resources. The
article offers a technique of the estimation of
the efficiency of consumption of energy in
agricultural production. In order to compare the
efficiency of machines in the cultivation and
harvesting of potatoes, there was conducted an
energy assessment of the operations of modern
technology. As variables, there were
investigated different operation modes of the
machine: working speed and working width,
depth of stroke of the working bodies. In the
process of evaluating energy operations,
modern technology to prepare the soil for
planting potatoes was determined humidity,
mechanical composition and soil type. As a
main factor in the analysis of technological
methods, we have taken the overall specific
energy consumption and specific energy
consumption for the digging below tuber
formation. Analysis of theoretical researches of
agricultural machinery has led to the conclusion
that the energy cost of implementing the
technological process in the machines of
different designs varies
While mechanical harvesting of potatoes, about
20-40% of the tubers get damages. Dynamic
loads, injuries of the tubers, causing internal
damage – which is browning of the flesh of the tuber, which occurs in the process of its storage.
At the same time, ways to express control of
damage to potato tubers will allow both
reducing damage during harvest, and promptly
sending damaged potatoes for recycling before
the results of mechanical stress for the tubers
during harvesting. The definition of internal
damage to the potatoes is possible because of
the analysis of the different elasticity of the
tissues of damaged and undamaged tubers. The
value of overpressure of the device is chosen
such way that during deformation of tubers
there mainly has been compression of the
damaged tissues of the tuber, with the least
turgor. The degree of damage of samples of
tubers is determined by the ratio of the volume
of damaged tissues of tubers to the total volume
of the sample. We have given the mechanical
properties of tissues of tubers, fruits and root
vegetables, their structure, dimensional
characteristics, it can be assumed that the use of
this method of determining internal damage
possible for apples, carrots, beets and harvest of
other crops. Use of damage control will enable
timely identification of hidden damage and
make it possible to eliminate their causes,
which lead to increase loss products
Fruit harvesting is the final and decisive
operation in the general work plan for growing
fruit, which largely determines the qualitative
and quantitative indicators of production and
economy of industry in general. Increasing
productivity by improving the safety of fruits
and vegetables is a priority and not an easy task.
For example, the use of cleaning technologies
with the use of machinery for harvesting of
apples by shaking can significantly reduce the
time of gathering fruit compared to hand
harvesting. This technology may be applicable,
if the fruit is grown for the manufacture of
juices, jams, etc. Currently, in several European
countries and in the USA, they widely use fruit
harvesting platforms and machines. The leader
in the production of fruit harvesting platforms is
Italy. To reduce the damage to fruit in
agriculture, the analysis of the traumatic factors
is of great importance, with the analysis of
available machines and their subsequent
modernization with the aim of improving the
reliability and quality of harvesting and
transport process, taking into account of the
algorithm for solving these problems, the
creation of new varieties of fruits and
vegetables suitable for machine processing,
strict compliance with deadlines and agronomic
requirements for the performed technological
operations, taking into account the savings of
energy and resources when using mobile
technology. In addition to the modernization of
the machines for efficient operation, it is
necessary to improve also the scheme of
planting of gardens and methods of cultivation,
transfer horticulture to intensive way of
development
The role of transport in agricultural production
is considerable. It is a connecting link in a
single technological chain of the agroindustrial
complex of the country (RF AIC). In
intraeconomic transportation in the RF AIC,
along with cars, we widely use tractors.
Rational application of wheeled tractors in
intraeconomic carriage substantiates the
possibility of their movements both on
asphalted and dirt roads. A specific share of
tractor transport in domestic agriculture
amounts 22-27% of the total transport
transportations and 50-60% of intraeconomic
carriage. There is a high level of the usage of
tractor transport in Western European countries
and in the United States. In farms of leading
Western European countries (Germany, Italy,
France and others.) there is about 70-90% of
intraeconomic carriage performed by tractor
transport. One of the most substantial and
difficult tasks is to fight with damage and losses
of agricultural production, in which a very
responsible role has been assigned to
automobile and tractor transport as an important
link in the AIC. According to the analysis of
materials for the preparation and use of potatoes and apples, more than 15-20% of the products
do not reach the consumer. Low quality of the
use of vehicles during transportation is a
problem. Transport costs in the prime cost of
produced products in rural areas reach 30-40%
or more. Lowering them will further influence
the development of the agroindustrial complex.
Thus, the creation of new of scientifically
grounded decisions in designs of vehicles for
intraeconomic carriage that enhance
preservation and performance of potato
harvesting and apples in the conditions of
Russia's AIC is the actual scientific and
technical task. Its solution makes a significant
contribution to the development of the country,
as well as it contributes to the implementation
of breakeven, competitive manufacture
In agriculture the issue of enhancing the
efficiency of operation of internal combustion
engines (ICE), reducing the costs of
maintenance (TO) and repairing (TP) fuel
supply apparatus (TA) using the improvement
of methods and means of diagnosis is a topical
in connection with the aging rolling stock
farming and lack of investment. Analysis of the
known TA diesel engine vehicles systems
showed that the most widespread system is the
divided type with multiplunger high pressure
fuel pump (fuel pump), while the methods of its
diagnosing are laborious, they require partial
disassembly and have insufficient accuracy.
The mathematical models that characterize the
work of a high-pressure fuel pump (fuel pump)
use a large number of parameters that
significantly affect the quality of dynamics of
the change of pressure values of diesel fuel.
However, in the materials of previously
published articles there were no issues
considered assessing the extent of the
quantitative impact, performance and features
change in the sensitivity settings of the
mathematical models on the simulation results,
there are no recommendations on the degree of
sensitivity and importance of each of the
parameters. For a more accurate diagnosis of
the fuel supply apparatus of a diesel engine it is
advisable to use several methods of diagnosing.
The article substantiates development of a
mathematical model of a high-pressure fuel
pump based on the analysis of modern methods
of diagnosing of fuel equipment for autotractor
diesel engines