The article deals with the study of vehicles impact on
the environment, since one of the main causes of air
pollution are cars with internal combustion engines.
One of the most important measures in the fight for
clean air is the creation of an environmentally
friendly transport. From this point of view, the most
promising is the electric car, as the only solution to
the problem of atmospheric pollution. In this article,
the history of the development of modern electric
vehicles, the advantages and disadvantages of their
design, as well as the possibility of introducing
electric vehicles into everyday life are considered.
After the analysis, it was concluded that, in spite of
the obvious advantages and the huge path that electro
mobiles went through in their development,
humanity is still not ready to refuse from cars with
internal combustion engines, opting for electric
vehicles
The article deals with normative legal documents, regulating safety indicators of equipment, with particular focus on woodworking machinery, including log-processing equipment. General and specific requirements have been highlighted in terms of their analyses. The necessity of safety requirements’ specification in technical guidelines, with reference to construction of industry-specific trend equipment, according to newly accepted national, interstate and international standards for purposes of conformity assessment. Nonconformities were determined on the terms in Technical Guidelines of the Customs Union 021/2011, fundamental documents for woodworking equipment GOST EH 1070 and GOST ISO 12100. Relevant topic issues are declared in this work. Manufactures consider them when risk valuation is performed in point of existing equipment and that, under development non-standard equipment, connected with diversity of normative documents, absence of information about customers’ experience, accidents while operating comparable machinery, etc. The paper emphasizes complications, which participants of standard programs face, namely, development contractors and users, accredited test laboratories and certification bodies, state oversight authorities, when woodworking machinery conformity assessment is performed. The suite of safety metrics was suggested for valuation of log-processing equipment and two-level log frames, particularly, on the basis of technical guidelines requirements TG CU 021/2011 “On machinery and equipment safety”, and standards GOST EH 1070, GOST 12.2.026.0, GOST R 5454123 and GOST R 51898. The necessity of standard realization was demonstrated in relevance to obsolete methods of control over equipment (geometric and technology accuracy). GOST 10294 was accepted in 1990 and hasn’t been actualized since that time. That is the reason why it seems impossible to estimate equipment condition, as recommended monitoring facilities are missing
The article gives results of research of the process of
abrasive wear of samples made of Steel 45, U10 and
with applied composite surface layer "nickelmulticomponent
material with shape memory effect
(SME) based on TiNi". For the tests we have chosen
TiNiZr, which is in the martensite state and
TiNiHfCu, which is in the austenitic state at the test
temperature. The formation of the surface layer was
carried out by high-speed gas-flame deposition in a
protective atmosphere of argon. In the wear test,
Al2O3 corundum powder was used as an abrasive. It is
shown that the wear rate of samples with a composite
surface layer of multicomponent materials with an
SME is significantly reduced in comparison with the
base, which is explained by reversible phase
transformations of the surface layer with an SME.
After carrying out the additional surface plastic
deformation operation (SPD), the resistance of the
laminated composition to abrasion wear is greatly
enhanced, due to the reinforcing effect of the SPD. It
is recommended for products working in conditions of
abrasive wear and high temperatures to use the
complex technology of formation of the surface
composition "steel-nickel-material with high-temperature EPF", including preparation of the surface
of the substrate and the deposited material, VGN in
the protective atmosphere of argon, followed by SPD
The article deals with the reliability of the functioning of the equipment of the power supply substation, and the determination of the probability of uninterrupted supply of electricity to consumers. The following are presented: models of failures of separators, models of short-circuit failures, models of failures of disconnectors. Two statistical series for sudden and gradual failures are singled out. The reliability theory is shown as the main distribution of fail-safe time for sudden failures. The conclusions on the presented models are made and the suggestions on introduction into production are given. According to the presented models, it is possible to judge the reliability of the station's operation, which is necessary for implementing measures to improve the reliability of electricity supply in network companies
One of the main ways to increase the economic efficiency and environmental safety of the food industry is the introduction of low-waste and non-waste technologies. A vivid example of the technologies of this group is the production of pectin and pectin products from processing residues for food needs of plant objects - various fruits. We have developed a number of ways of obtaining pectin products from unconventional raw materials objects and on their basis we propose technologies for obtaining commodity pectin and pectin extracts from fruit shells of soya, sainfoin, castor oil, tunga and black nuts. For the purpose of operational analytical control of the pectin complex of the listed raw materials, two methods have been proposed, one of which is presented in the article. The presented technique allows determining the amount of pectin by its fractions at any company of pectin production with minimum expenditure of labor and energy. The methodology is implemented as follows. We dry paper folded filters to constant weight. Standardized solutions of protopectin and hydratopectin are prepared. Samples are taken. Then we neutralize the acid solution of protopectin solution and saponize the pectin substances in the analyzed solutions with 40% NaOH solution for 15 minutes. After that, the pectic substances are precipitated with concentrated HCl and the precipitates are filtered. Then the precipitates on the filters are repeatedly washed with cold distilled water to completely remove the chlorine ions. Filters with precipitation are dried to constant weight. The mass fraction of fractions of pectin substances is calculated by formulas for hydratopectin and protopectin alone. The method as a whole makes it possible to improve the accuracy of the results of determining the mass fraction of pectic substances in plant raw materials, to reduce labor and time costs, and to exclude the use of specific equipment
Nowadays in Russia, there is a problem of utilization
of vehicles. A system of recycling of agricultural machinery
in Russia is absent. In the article we present
an organizational-technological complex of works for
utilization of agricultural machinery
In the current economic situation, the
developing of cattle breeding is taking on
special significance. It is well known that the
effective way to develop cattle breeding is to
increase the total number of efficient livestock.
The numerous researches show that the high
concentrated fodder premix diet gives the
highest effect in increasing animal indicators [1,
2, 3]. Traditionally, the premix is a powder
mass, which should be added into the mixture
of grain components. Exact following the recipe
of prepared fodder allows the maximum usage
of forage potential of the concentrate
components [4, 5, 6, 7]. In view of the
foregoing, food enrichers have special actuality
in making high concentrated fodder [8, 9, 10].
The usage of differential Fokker – Planck
equation systems allows determining the laws
of the mixing process of various granulated
products. As a result, it becomes possible to
optimize the technological process of the mixerenrichers
of concentrated feed so that the
resulting mixture of feed would have high
quality and technological characteristics. At the
same time the duration of sewer-enricher’s
work and, as a consequence, the energy
intensity of the technological process would
accept the minimum possible values [11-16].
The given theoretical approach is based on the
consideration of the motion of an individual
particle contained in a loose grain mass (phase).
Concerning this, it is necessary to accept a
number of assumptions about making effort to
the feed particles, and the velocity vectors of its
initial motion should be taken into account.
Taking into account the complexity of the
mathematically derived differential equation, its
literal analytical solution seems very difficult.
Therefore, the first step of the solution is aimed at the obtaining the non-stationary diffusion
equation of Fokker - Planck and the boundary
conditions for isolating the only one solution.
The second step of the solution is implemented
by the tabulation at the grid-based points, that
is, considering the differential equation not at a
random point of the area, but only at the grid
nodes. Moreover, it is necessary to apply the
approximation of the derivatives at each node.
The solution of the equation system allows
determining the module of the minimum,
average, and maximum values of the phase
particle motion in different parts of the mixing
chamber, respectively. In connection with this,
the aim of the study is to substantiate the
processes of motion of various types of
granulated products
The tasks set in "The strategy of engine and technological modernization of agriculture until 2020" provide growth of labor productivity by 3–4 times. In our article, we have attempted to concretize in a zone sectional view the direction action for successful engine and technological modernization for the purpose of implementation of such strategically important point. Radical modernization of system of vehicles for complex mechanization of field husbandry based on the domestic equipment in relation to natural and technological conditions of the Krasnodar region is offered. Realization of system of transport is supposed with use of the equipment of the fourth generation, but in 2020 the equipment of the fifth generation and innovative processing methods for production of grain crops has to be realized. It is noted that the solution of such task without the state participation is impossible. The fundamental principles of improvement of system of vehicles for field husbandry and engine technologies are offered. The main of them is a new system of mobile power, new highly productive motorless grain - beetroot-, forage harvesters, new multipurpose units with the offered devices for combination of the technological operations changing labor-intensive technologies radically. We offer replacement of heavy tractors, self-propelled combines; cutting-down of the nomenclature of the equipment at the expense of multipurpose units, main application of fertilizers along with processing of the soil, drop of sealing of the soil and its dispersion. The offered technical re-equipment of branch will provide precision performance of operations, increase in labor productivity and economy of resources
In modern food production, extrusion is an actual and effective variant of intensification of technological processes. Its essential advantage is the possibility of correcting the content of proteins, vitamins and minerals in the finished product. The analysis of works devoted to the problems of obtaining food products of valuable food composition by extrusion technology shows the importance of further work in this direction.
The purpose of the work was to analyze the technological methods of producing snacks on a nut-and-grain basis, taking into account the need to obtain a complex of substances of daily requirements with a small volume of consumed food. In accordance with the purpose, the main tasks of the work were identified. To substantiate the expediency of producing grain crips balanced and enriched composition; investigate the chemical composition and substantiate the choice of raw materials for the production of crisps of high nutritional value; to offer techniques for improving the technology of obtaining extruded snacks; to develop recipes and to test the improved technology of obtaining food snacks on a nut-and-grain basis. In the course of the work, the qualitative composition of the main grain and auxiliary plant species was investigated.
We studied the optimal technological parameters of the production process of air snacks and original flavor combinations. We established expedient extrusion conditions for obtaining a product with predetermined properties. Various parameters of the final air product obtained by optimizing the formulation components were added when blending CO2-extracts and some types of CO2-meal. The composition and properties of the investigated objects were evaluated according to generally accepted procedures. When creating graphs, optimizing the formulation composition and for static processing of the results of the research, mathematical methods were used. The technological parameters of the production process of air snacks from domestic raw materials and original flavor and biologically active additives are presented. Formulations of new snack products are proposed. Ways of optimization of the applied technology in order to obtain a product of higher nutritional value are presented
The main way to extend the shelf life of fruit and vegetable raw materials is low-temperature drying, characterized by high quality products, low energy consumption and affordable cost of finished products. More fully, a two-stage drying, the first stage of which is convective drying and the second stage - convective vacuum drying, meet such requirements. The article substantiates the prospects for the use of fruit and berry powders in public catering, using electro-physical effects that significantly reduce the loss of valuable components of the feedstock. The authors proposed a combination of conventional convective dewatering processes with vacuum microwave treatment, in order to achieve high quality indices of dried products. The aim of the work is to reduce energy consumption for drying and improve the quality of finished products. Among the objects of research, there are fruit and vegetable raw materials, designs of drying plants and technological modes of two-stage drying and devices providing it. The research subjects include the establishment of the properties of fruit and vegetable raw materials in the process of two-stage drying. The methods of research are based on the use of modern methods of analysis and instrumentation. On the way of widespread introduction of powders into the production of various food products, there is a problem of insufficient attention of producers to this type of product, low volumes of its production and monopoly of individual producers of powders