Sociology is one of the most important social
sciences. Mathematical and primarily statistical
methods are effective intellectual tools of
sociologists. Let us analyze the work of the author of
this article on the development of statistical methods
to meet the challenges of sociology. Then we give
the review of development of statistical methods in
Russian sociology for 45 years (1970-2015). The
basic scientific events of these years, first of all, were
formation of applied statistics and its basis - statistics
of the non-numerical data (in sociology of 70-90% of
variables have non-numerical nature). Over the last
30 years, the Russian sociology has been growing
rapidly in all quantitative parameters. Clearly, the
depth of investigation gives the use of advanced
scientific apparatus - methodology and methods of
data collection and analysis, mathematical models. In
our view, a fundamental breakthrough was made in
our country in the 1970s. It was then in the arsenal of
Russian sociologists appeared measurement theory
and fuzzy sets, mathematical methods of
classification and multidimensional scaling,
nonparametric statistics and statistics of non-numeric
data. In subsequent decades it has been a natural
development of scientific apparatus. The same
mathematical and statistical methods and models can
be successfully applied in various fields of science
and practice. Statistical methods and models are very
effective in sociological, socio-economic,
managerial, technical and feasibility studies,
medicine, history, in almost any industry and
application areas of knowledge. Within this field, the
main event of the last thirty five years - is becoming
a scientific and practical discipline "Applied
Statistics", dedicated to the development and
application of statistical methods and models. An
analysis of the dynamics of applied statistics leads to
the conclusion that in the XXI century the statistics
of non-numerical data is becoming a central area of
applied statistics, as it contains the most common
approaches and results
This article discusses the problems associated with the use of general social ways of prevention of bribery in the sphere of medical services. General social ways of prevention of bribery in the sphere of medical services: economic, technical, ideological are considered in detail. The author of the article puts forward a number of proposals for enhancing the efficiency of general social ways of prevention of bribery in the sphere of medical services
The article is devoted to one of the pressing problems of providing of import substitution fruit and berry products on the territory of the Krasnodar region in terms of economic constraints. In the article we give a characteristic of the fruit industry and the factors of food security in the region in modern conditions. We have analyzed measures and the amount of state support fruit industry of the Krasnodar region. The necessity of application of program-target approach is visible in the development of the fruit industry, which is the incompatibility of period investment of budgetary funds to the period obtaining results. Retrospective analysis of compliance with the state program of measures to implement the planned renovations was also given. We have studied and analyzed the instruments of state support of the fruit products of the Krasnodar region (on the basis of program-target methods), which revealed a low level of validity of the objectives and instruments. The emerging trend of lack of own resources of agricultural producers for the renovation of plantations is a limiting factor in the development of the industry, reinforces the need to increase state support and differentiation of forms of state regulation. We have grouped measures of state support for the industry in "baskets" on the degree distorting effect on trade, as well as recommendations for areas of improvement tools program-target planning of regional fruit and berry subcomplex (validation of instruments and goals of the State program; reducing capital intensity) in a globalizing sanctions of the Russian economy
The article considers the existing at the present stage
of management approaches, describes their advantages
and disadvantages. We have obtained scientific and
special management approaches. Of all the approaches
described in detail, we could highlight system,
integration, dynamic, structural, functional and process
approaches. It was indicated, that the use of the above
approach to production management, as a whole, and
the staff in particular - is limited to the economic
sphere of activity, meanwhile, as there is a prospect of
using these approaches in the field of labor protection.
We also substantiate the choice process approach as
the most promising in the management staff of
mechanical engineering enterprise
Based on the complex of studies carried out, the
formulation of wafers (wafer sheets) enriched with
food additives "Powder from the tubers of Jerusalem
artichoke" and skimmed sunflower lecithin was
developed, as well as the formulation of fat filling
enriched with a complex of food additives "Powder
from tubers of Jerusalem artichoke", "Powder from
hips" And low-fat sunflower lecithin. A recipe was
developed and an assessment of the organoleptic and
physicochemical parameters of enriched waffles with a
filling was made. The storage period, ensuring safety
and maximum preservation of consumer properties,
was established. The study of the nutritional value of
the developed waffles with filling allowed to establish
that in comparison with the control sample they
contain inulin and vitamin C, while the degree of
satisfaction of the daily demand for these nutrients
with consumption of 100 g of the developed product is
16.46 and 24.65% respectively. In addition, the
developed products, in comparison with the control
sample, are characterized by an increased content of
dietary fiber, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron,
vitamins B1, B2 and B6
Based on local semantic information models, we have examined the dependence of the dynamics of the displacement of the pole positions of celestial objects. We have also developed and differentiated an analysis of ASK-pole modeling of dynamics within sixty-year cycles of reference points and substantiated reasons for the population inversion and singular states in the dynamics of the pole
The article discusses the phraseological verbalization of the concept of “Construction/строительство (стройка)”. The fundamental changes taking place in social, cultural, political life of the society may have an effect on the national language mind now. Since a human being plays the role of the main action actant and there are no mind, thought, language out of subject, he is the focus of the thought concentration, ideas, interests, imagery, sensations, notions. In the opinion of the author, appearance, disappearance, change of the certain categories and notions connected with the processes and social phenomena actualize the use of the construction vocabulary in a language and speech directly connected with the presentation of the concept of “construction“. As a result, the research of these concept language realization peculiarities is of interest. The author presents the given notion as the model of a lexical and phraseological field with the consecutive description of its structure in German and Russian. The parallel analysis of the distant periphery units is carried out according to 9 subject groups: “structures”, “parts of a building”, “interior space of a building”, “exterior space of a building”, “сonstruction materials”, “construction instruments”, “construction operations”, “craft/construction professions”, “city planning / administrative division”. The analysis of the phraseological units shows that fragments of the lexical and phraseological field of German and Russian participate in the conceptualization of the “Construction” term
According to the new paradigm of applied mathematical statistics one should prefer non-parametric methods and models. However, in applied statistics we currently use a variety of parametric models. The term "parametric" means that the probabilistic-statistical model is fully described by a finite-dimensional vector of fixed dimension, and this dimension does not depend on the size of the sample. In parametric statistics the estimation problem is to estimate the unknown value (for statistician) of parameter by means of the best (in some sense) method. In the statistical problems of standardization and quality control we use a three-parameter family of gamma distributions. In this article, it is considered as an example of the parametric distribution family. We compare the methods for estimating the parameters. The method of moments is universal. However, the estimates obtained with the help of method of moments have optimal properties only in rare cases. Maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) belongs to the class of the best asymptotically normal estimates. In most cases, analytical solutions do not exist; therefore, to find MLE it is necessary to apply numerical methods. However, the use of numerical methods creates numerous problems. Convergence of iterative algorithms requires justification. In a number of examples of the analysis of real data, the likelihood function has many local maxima, and because of that natural iterative procedures do not converge. We suggest the use of one-step estimates (OS-estimates). They have equally good asymptotic properties as the maximum likelihood estimators, under the same conditions of regularity that MLE. One-step estimates are written in the form of explicit formulas. In this article it is proved that the one-step estimates are the best asymptotically normal estimates (under natural conditions). We have found OS-estimates for the gamma distribution and given the results of calculations using data on operating time to limit state for incisors
In the article it is proved that prompt entry of Russia
into the market caused a set of practical and theoretical
problems in various spheres of public life of the
country. The Russian economy endures the period of
deep system transformations that allows defining it as
the economy of transitional type characterized at the
microlevel by transformation of economic subjects,
conditions and the directions of their activity,
formation of essentially new control system of
enterprise structures, the system of marketing becomes
one of which rod elements. The innovative approaches
to segmentation of the markets and positioning of
goods which are based on reconstruction of market
space by means of application of a complex of the
unique decisions considering features of functioning of
the company, specifics of the market, and also specific
social and economic conditions of conducting
economic activity are investigated. The main
directions of search of unoccupied market niches are
revealed, the comparative characteristic of two
essentially excellent strategy of activity of the
company – is carried out when conducting competitive
fight and at refusal of this fight as a result of formation
of market zones, free from the competition. The
technique of formation of market zones, free from the
competition is offered. Use of technologies of
innovative marketing allows to reduce the risks
interfaced to development of innovations as these
technologies give the chance objectively to estimate a potential demand to reveal a target market segment
and to answer a question of expediency of continuation
of development or their inefficiency for enterprise
structures
This artiсlе is dеvоtеd tо thе еvоlutiоn оf thе mаrriаgе
institutе, tо thе sоurсеs аnd tеndеnсiеs оf fаmily
dеvеlоpmеnt. Thе аnаlysis оf thе fаmily rеlаtiоns in
аnсiеnt Bаbylоn ассоrding tо lаws оf Hаmmurаpi is
prеsеntеd in thе аrtiсlе. In Hаmmurаpi соdе thе fаmily
is prеsеntеd аs bаsis nоt оnly fоr есоnоmiс, mаtеriаl
pоwеr оf thе stаtе, but аlsо аs its pоlitiсаl stаbility аnd
sаfеty. Thе rights аnd dutiеs оf spоusеs аrеn't еquаl,
but thеy аrе еquаlly, thоugh еvеryоnе in оwn wаy,
pаrtiсipаtе in асhiеvеmеnt оf а mаin gоаl оf thе
mаtrimоniаl uniоn – thе birth аnd еduсаtiоn оf
сhildrеn. Institutе оf mаrriаgе is оnе оf thе mаin
institutе оf thе fаmily lаw. It is соnsidеrеd in thе
аrtiсlе thе оrdеr аnd соnditiоns оf gеtting mаrriеd, thе
оbstасlеs fоr thе еngаgеmеnt аt vаriоus histоriсаl
stаgеs. It is соnduсtеd thе lеgаl аnаlysis оf thе
mаintеnаnсе оf thе mаrriаgе rеlаtiоns. Thе аttеntiоn is
pаid tо thе quеstiоn оf thе pеrsоnаl аnd prоpеrty
rеlаtiоns bеtwееn spоusеs, pаrеnts аnd сhildrеn;
rеlаtiоnship tо thе mаrriаgе is соnsidеrеd аs а sосiаl
аnd есоnоmiс dеаl аnd lаtеr аs а vоluntаry will оf а
wоmаn аnd а mаn tо gеt mаrriеd. Rеligiоus mоdеls оf
а fаmily аrе соnsidеrеd in thе аrtiсlе. hаngеs whiсh
hаppеnеd during сulturаl histоriсаl dеvеlоpmеnt
соnсеrning thе fоrms оf thе fаmily аnd mаrriаgе
rеlаtiоns аrе аlsо соnсеrnеd thе mаintеnаnсе оf thеsе
rеlаtiоns, in pаrtiсulаr, bеtwееn husbаnd аnd wifе. Thе
сhаngеs hаd mоrе quаlitаtivе сhаrасtеr within thе
еmеrgеnсе оf fаmily mоnоgаmy. Thе соnsidеrаtiоn оf
thе еmеrgеnсе оf thеsе оr thоsе fоrms оf mаrriаgе
prеsеnt thе intеrеst tо thе сulturаl and histоriсаl
аnаlysis аnd thе rеаsоns оf сrisis in thе fаmiliеs
nоwdаys