This article touches the current issue of variable
approach to choosing the variant of scientific and
technical translation. Development of Linguistics and
the sciences, studying a man and his activities, and
increasing the flow of information due to the rapid
development of the areas of science require another
approach to the development of mechanisms for the
translation process. This article discusses and analyzes
multidimensional models of translation, their versatility
with the dynamics of the translation process. The
authors consider the translation as a specific component
of communication using two languages in which the
problems of philosophy, psychology, physiology,
sociology and linguistics are accumulated. Particular
attention is paid to the problem of interpretation of the
concept of "invariant", which allows the translation of
scientific and technical literature to achieve adequacy of
the translated text with the original one, saving the
message content and statements shades that is the style
of the original text. This article details the various
methods of translation, their effectiveness, and the
authors estimate each type of translation in terms of use
for practical purposes and in view of reducing the rate
of a man work and reducing the complexity of his
operations
The article discusses various criteria for the
classification of legal systems. Special attention is
drawn to the civilizational approach, which can be
effectively used in the classification of legal
systems. In accordance with the civilizational
approach in the world there are many civilizations,
developing according to its own laws (for example,
the Scythian civilization, ancient Egyptian, etc.). In
accordance with this approach the history of
mankind is a history of the development of
civilizations. There are different definitions of
civilization. In generalized form is a community of
people with particular characteristics in the socio -
political organization, economy, culture. All States
from the point of view of the civilizational
approach can be divided into two types: Eastern
(China, India, the Empire of the Incas, etc.)
characterized by Marx as the "Asian mode of
production"; the Western, or progressive (especially
European countries). Each of these types has its
historical features. In turn, each of these types has
its own legal family. It appears that the basis for
determining the classification of legal systems is a
normative element of the legal system, including
law, legal principles, sources of law, legal system,
legislation, legal techniques. But this criterion can
be applied in one and the same type of civilizations.
In accordance with the criterion of the country of
the Western type, can be divided into two large
families: the Romano-Germanic and Anglo-Saxon.
It should be noted that globalization processes in
the modern world lead to the convergence of legal
families. In particular this applies to the RomanoGermanic
and Anglo-Saxon legal families, between
which there is a gradual disappearance of the
traditional differences
In the article we examine Roman-Germanic legal
family. Sometimes this legal family is called the
family of continental legal systems, which
underlines the fundamental difference of RomanGermanic
law, which arose on the European
continent, from common law, arising also in Europe
(in England), but outside of that continent. The
legal family is called family civil rights arising
from the Latin term "civil law" or "civil jus",
meaning the use of Roman law for only Roman
citizens or "cives". In this case, the article shows
the huge impact of Roman law on the law of
continental Europe. Roman-Germanic legal family
is the most common in the world. It includes the
countries of continental Europe, Latin America and
many other countries. In such a vast country we can
allocate appropriate legal panel involving certain
national legal systems that have similar features.
Such legal groups, the author classifies: Roman;
Germanic; the legal group of the Scandinavian
countries; the legal group of the Eastern European
countries; the legal group of countries of Latin
America and Africa. Among them, we can highlight
the legal group of the Scandinavian countries,
which has its own specifics. The article discusses a
feature of the legal systems of the countries of
Scandinavia
The article discusses the Genesis of Islam and its
role in the development of Muslim law family,
highlights the main sources of Muslim law legal
families. It is noted an important role of standards in
Islamic law developed by the theologians of the
activities in the process of interpretation in filling
gaps in the law. All this has led to the emergence of
different schools or sects, which contributed to the
creation of many ideologically warring with each
other Muslim sects. The followers of these
movements convince their supporters that the rest
courses are false. The article notes that currently, in
general, the Muslim law has not lost its position.
Modern Islamic community of the world has about a
billion and a half followers. The Muslim law has not
only maintained its position, but also extends its
sphere of influence. Islam – the youngest world
religion - enters the countries whose people earlier
professed Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, etc.,
the Followers of Islam, moving to other countries,
almost do not assimilate. So, the Islamic community
in Europe is practically not subjected to European
influence. Some of the legal institutions in a number
of non-Muslim countries are subjected to
Islamization. In some countries, Islamic law is not
considered as legally valid, but it works in fact. This
happens in the Muslim enclaves of Europe, it is
happening in Russia, particularly in the republics of
the North Caucasus
The article presents the concept and features of
globalization. It is noted that globalization is a
historical phenomenon. It is prepared by history as
the result of a long process. This process is valid
for the mankind throughout its history, occurring in
different forms, scales, with varying degrees of
intensity. It is emphasized that modern
globalization was prepared by many phenomena of
history, which are divided into positive and
negative. Positive associated with the natural
expansion of the boundaries of the world market,
strengthening of democracy. Negative – with the
predatory actions of transnational corporations, the
unipolar world, and as a consequence, often
enforced by the introduction of the values and
lifestyle of Western democracy around the world.
Globalization has an impact on state sovereignty. It
is noted that in the context of globalization, the
process of voluntary limitation of state sovereignty
by mutual agreement with other States, but, at the
same time, the process and the empowerment of its
sovereignty, because the state has the authority to
participate in solving problems that were not in the
scope of its sovereignty. Globalization affects the
law of all modern countries. Russia is no exception.
In Russia, as in other countries, the relationship
between national and international law increases,
strengthening the position of the international law.
This process can be named with the term of
"internationalization" in the legal literature. During
this process, appropriate forms of
internationalization (legal instruments) can be
applied: harmonization, unification, reception,
implementation and standardization
The article discusses the Genesis of Islam in prerevolutionary
Russia and its features in the North
Caucasus. One of the features of the adoption of
Islam was that this process was delayed by more
than a Millennium. Another feature of the adoption
and functioning of Islam in the North Caucasus is
also the fact that Sharia here, teaming up with local
legal customs (ADAT) and then with Russian
legislation, creating a unique system of regulating
social relations. It covers the process of entering the
North Caucasus in the legal space of Russia, it also
notes the role of Sharia and ADAT in the legal
regulation of social relations in the North Caucasus
in the Russian Empire, the Soviet and post-Soviet
Russia. Taking into account historical experience, it
can be assumed that the inclusion of certain
provisions and principles of Islamic law and ADAT
in the Russian legal system – the likely future
development of legislation of a number of republics
of the Russian Federation, in particular in the North
Caucasus. It is noted that Islam in general is on the
side of law-obedience and loyalty to authority,
willing to respect share his or her values.
Therefore, the introduction into the consciousness
of the Russian Muslims the true values of Islam
will contribute to the fight against international
terrorism. Pacifist orientation of Muslim religious
organizations, debunking Islamist myths, makes
them an ally of the state in the fight against
terrorism is of considerable interest because it is the
peaceful alternative to militant Islamism
In Russian civil legislation the consumer is a citizen
who concludes the contract of retail sales for purposes
not related to business activities. Incorporated person
has no right to conclude a contract of retail sales.
Therefore the law on consumer protection is not used
for legal entities. The law on consumer protection gives
to consumers an opportunity for simplified procedure
to challenge acts or omissions of the sellers and
protection of their rights. But at the same time the
incorporated person may acquire the goods, works and
services not for business purposes. In particular, this
occurs when incorporated person buys goods for its
professional aims, not just for its implementation. The
authors think that legislator unreasonably violates the
rights of legal entities, because they can not be
consumers. The authors justify the possibility and the
necessity of recognizing the incorporated person as a
consumer in the contract of retail sale, and that will
allow spreading the legal norms of consumer protection
on them
More and more goods are sold by the means of the
Internet and other information and telecommunication
networks from year to year. Despite the common
practice to sale goods on websites, a general idea of ecommerce
is not formed in the modern legal science
and the current legislation, the notion ‘electronic
commerce’ itself is missing. The presence of multiple
gaps in the law and the growing number of disputes
have served as a reason for writing this article which
touches the issue of studying e-commerce as one of
the kinds of business activity. The article describes
scientific approaches to the definition of the notion
‘electronic commerce’, the problem the e-commerce
object is raised, the notion ‘electronic transaction’,
general provisions of transactions, performed by the
means of information and telecommunication
networks, are analyzed. The authors have paid
attention to the practice of concluding contracts by the
means of Internet resources, have noted the problem
of the correlation between the content information
posted on the website and the browse-wrap agreement.
The authors consider necessary to legalize of the
notion ‘electronic commerce’, to determine
legislatively its parties and the rules of
implementation. Systematization of the provisions on
electronic commerce can be realized within the scope
of a separate federal law 'On the Rules of Ecommerce.'
Such measures will be able not only to
bring the current pattern of Russian business nearer to
the international standards, but also to raise it to a new
level
The reduction of the period of incarceration and early
release from the convict labor gangs of civil authorities
were a common practice for these places of detention,
provided by a number of legal acts: the decree of 1834
"On determining the period of stay the vagrants in
convict labor gangs of civil authorities in
Novorossiysk region", 22 October 1836: "On the age
of criminals, awarded, instead of referring to the
settlement, to return in the military service", the
regulation on 15 August 1845 “On the correctional
convict labor gangs of civil authorities, decrees April
17, 1863 "On some changes in the present system of
criminal and correction penalties", October 19,
1863"On temporary measures to cleanse of convict
labor gangs of civil authorities from the accumulated
therein prisoners, "13 May 1866 "On the reduction of
the time of detention of arrestees in convict labor gang
of civil authorities". Also it was continued the
refinement of operating regulations for reduction of
the period of incarceration in 1880. So, MPM in
January 11 sent to the governor an explanation №302
"On the procedure of reduction of the time of detention
for arrestees of correctional departments." It contained
a clarification and explanation of the application of the
provisions of the May 13, 1866.In May 15, 1880 to
Tauride governor was sent another circular "On
abolition of deportation to Siberia without the content
in correctional departmentsof certain categories of
prisoners." The main condition in most cases peaked
good behavior and hard work of the prisoner. The
decision was made by the head of the department and
submitted to the trustees committees for final decision.
The reduction of the prison term used as an
exceptional measure to reduce the contingent of places
of detention
This article discusses the concept of "sanctions" in
constitutional and international law, as it is
controversial and debatable. The media and prominent
politicians now often use the term "sanctions", it is
connected to the Crimea to Russia, and a mixed
assessment of the event foreign countries (countries of
the European Union, Japan, Switzerland) and
international organizations (the Council of Europe,
NATO). The author explores different perspectives
reveals several scientific approaches to the concept of
"authorization". Theoretical aspects of the work were
discussed in close connection with the practice,
namely, analysis of the process of joining of Crimea
to Russia from the point of view of international law
and Russian legislation in this regard, the validity of
the application of sanctions against the Russian
Federation. We were also paying attention to types of
sanctions. The article analyzes the comprehensive and
targeted sanctions, their distinctive features and the
need to use the "mirror" of sanctions for the Russian
Federation. Particular attention is paid to the legal
regulation of sanctions in international and Russian
law. It is noted that in the Russian Federation,
legislative regulation of the sanctions received only in
the economic sphere. The author highlights some
trends in the development of existing legislation in the
field of sanctions