The problem of environmental protection from toxic contamination, i.e. toxic products contained in exhaust gases, is one of the most pressing in the modern world.
Currently, internal combustion engines and vehicles of transport and technological machines rank first in power supply in the global energy balance. The total amount of pollutants released into the atmosphere by tank-automotive equipment exceeds more than three times the emissions released by industrial companies. Besides the vast majority of tracked and wheeled vehicles are equipped with diesel engines, which excel gasoline engines in harmful substances released together with exhaust gases. Therefore the problem of emission control becomes more and more urgent. The aim of this study is the analysis of modern means and methods of reducing the toxicity of exhaust gases released by diesel engines.
The existing methods of emission control can be divided into four groups: improving the design of the internal combustion engine; the accounting of operational factors affecting the toxicity of exhaust gases; the use of unconventional fuels; the exhaust gases cleaning in the exhaust pipe. Each method has several major ways to reduce the emission of toxic substances, which are often mutually complementary. We have cited the research date of influencing each of the methods on the emissions of toxic substances in exhaust gases. We have found that reducing the emission of toxic substances in compliance with Euro-6 requirements can only be obtained by the simultaneous use of several methods of reducing emissions.
We have proved the effectiveness and economic feasibility of using combined neutralizers to clean exhaust gases
The article investigates the global monetary and financial crisis and its impact on individual countries and regions of the world. The author comes to the conclusion that the first onset of the global financial crisis began in the U.S. in January 2006, when a number of small mortgage banking institutions declared bankruptcy. Secondly, the author suggested that we should expect a second wave of global financial and economic crisis, which will lead to even more devastating consequences for individual countries and regions
In this study, we have performed an analysis of the
effective use of agricultural lands in Russia, using the
methods of scientific management, as a modern form of
agricultural business management. The analysis of
effective models of world agricultural business,
management and support, as well as the domestic and the
European model of agriculture was given as well. The
article contains suggestions and developing of the most
rational and effective management methods for
agricultural business, on the basis of international and
domestic experience in this area
In the article we have presented the results of cultivation of apple-tree gardens with the application of Buton and Mival-agro growth regulators and their efficiency on grades of all terms of maturing. Positive action of preparations on grades of all terms of maturing has been noted
Statistical methods are widely used in domestic
feasibility studies. However, for most managers,
economists and engineers, they are exotic. This is
because modern statistical methods are not taught in
the universities. We discuss the situation, focusing
on the statistical methods for economic and
feasibility studies, ie, econometrics. In the world of
science, econometrics has a rightful place. There are
scientific journals in econometrics, Nobel Prizes in
Economics are awarded to series of researches in
econometrics. The situation in the field of scientific
and practical work and especially the teaching of
econometrics in Russia is disadvantaged. Often,
individual particular constructions replace
econometrics in general, such as those related to
regression analysis. In econometrics we select three
types of scientific and applied activities:
development and study of methods of applied
statistics, taking into account the specifics of
economic data; development and study of
econometric models, in accordance with the specific
needs of economic science and practice; the use of
econometric methods for statistical analysis of
specific economic data. This article describes these
three types of scientific and applied activities. We
discuss the specificity of economic data. We show
the importance of economic non-numeric values. We
discuss the statistics of interval data - scientific
direction at the joint of metrology and statistics. We
give the representation of the econometric models.
Problems of application of econometric methods are
considered as an example of inflation. We discuss
the statistics and econometrics as the field of
scientific and practical activities. We have examined
econometric methods in practical and training
activities
In the article, the directions of overcoming of backwardness of the market of mortgage housing crediting and its institutional incompleteness in Russia are considered
This article considers modern directions of an economic theory, sights of representatives of the basic economic directions, approaches to the decision of economic problems, an essence of social and economic efficiency of an economic theory are considered
In this work, we have analyzed the multiple
literary sources and summarized the material
regarding beet dietary fibers. Their composition,
physicochemical, physicomechanical and
hygrothermal properties were studied. The study of
the particle-size distribution showed that the
content of the insoluble fraction exceeded the
content of the soluble fractions in all the samples.
The use of the secondary products of processing of
the plant raw material is also critical; they allow
improving the preventive properties of products
and enriching them with dietary fibers, protein, and
mineral elements. The properties and quality of the
raw material are, to the large extent, determined by
and depend upon its granulometric composition,
that is, upon the size of particles that compose this
object. The authors determined the granulometric
composition of the studied nutritional supplements.
It was found out that the use of the combination of
the impacts together with the abrading impact led
to the intensification of the process, a decrease in
the milling time and the uniformity of the obtained
granulometric composition. The choice of the
vertical mill as milling equipment in combination
with the metal balls added to it to increase the
efficiency of milling and uniformity of the
granulometric composition of beetroot fibers was
proved experimentally
The article deals with competition issues between
modern currencies for domination on international
financial markets. Historical background of world
currencies and the reasons for development and
becoming dominants nowadays are analyzed. Author’s
reasoning and data analysis of several currencies place
in the global exchange system are given. Process of
defining a currency as «reserve» is analyzed.
Economic essence of SDR and Wocu is concerned.
Dynamics of international savings in foreign currency
reserves and share of external loans in foreign
currency are analyzed in the article. Data of the survey
made by A&O Research about currency domination is
examined, competitiveness assessment of modern
currencies is summarized
The article is devoted to results of researching of lichens flora of Nakhchivan AR Azerbaijan. During 2003 - 2009 specific structure, regular structure, laws of distribution on high-rise zones, ecobiomorphe, geographical features of lichenflora, rare species of lichens and the problem of their preservation were studied. In the region, there are 347 species of flora, 6 variations and 5 forms of the lichens concerning 83 genus and 38 families are revealed. From them, 17 families, 35 genus and 138 species are noted for the first time for research territory. In the article the facts about ecomorphological features of 12 new kinds of lichens of Nahchivan АR are given