The work is devoted to studying the nature of the influence of individual abiotic factors of the southern territories of Russia on the features of the formation of an economic apple yield in adjacent years and the justification of the possibility of adjusting the course of this process in adverse environmental conditions. The studies were carried out in 2018-2019, which are distinguished by the manifestation of weather anomalies in the summer-autumn period. Field experiments were performed at the farms of the Kuban horticultural zone on soils suitable for planting fruit stands: leached and typical chernozems. The features of the development of plants of apple trees of winter varieties Kuban crimson and Fuji on the stock M9 were studied. In the experiments, an option is provided using foliar treatment of plants with Pomaset fertilizer. The effectiveness of the formation of the economic apple crop depends on the biological characteristics of the used pomological variety, as well as the temperature and moisture conditions during the growing season of the plants. Soil conditions do not significantly affect the course of this process. The probability of losing the potential apple crop at the XII stage of organogenesis (pre-harvest decay) under the influence of abiotic summer stressors: high air temperatures and water deficiency is noted. With the manifestation of extremely high air temperatures in late summer and during the autumn months, a significant increase in the duration of vegetation of various (especially strong-growing) apple varieties was recorded, causing a shift in the process of differentiation of generative buds (stages III-IV of organogenesis) to a later date, and, as a result, - decrease in potential plant productivity in the next season. With the manifestation of abnormal weather conditions, the prospects of foliar treatment of trees in the second half of the growing season with Pomaset fertilizer, which optimizes the fruiting of the apple tree in adjacent years, are shown. At the same time, the fruit yield in the current year is increasing by 9-14%, and in the next season - by 7-10% in comparison with the control values
The article presents the results of the fertilizers use effect on dry wine materials produced from the Chardonnay variety, grown in the Anapo-Taman soil and climatic zone of the Krasnodar region, Russia. As a result of wine materials analysis, increase of tartaric acid was noted, with the autumn application of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers and the spring application of ammonium nitrate. At the same time, its optimum content was noted with nitroammophos. Also, the minimum concentration of malic acids was detected by the application of nitroammophos with potassium fertilizers. In its turn, early spring application of ammonium nitrate reduced the concentration of malic acid below the control sample (without fertilizers). It was revealed that the use of mineral fertilizers in this winemaking zone also contributed to a reduction of lactic acid in the must. At the same time, the application of nitroammophos (especially together with other mineral fertilizers), contributed to the accumulation of citric and succinic acids, as well as phenolic compounds. Moreover, the application of phosphate-potassium fertilizers in the autumn contributed to the accumulation, and, consequently, also to the increase in the content of phenolic compounds in the resulting must. In addition, the studied samples of wine materials contained high alcohol concentrations and low concentrations of sugars with volatile acids. At the same time, the maximum amount of alcohol exceeding its content in the control sample was revealed when phosphorus-potassium fertilizers were used together with nitroammophos fertilizers. It is also noted that the application of ammonium nitrate did not affect this indicator. As a result, the use of mineral fertilizers in the studied concentrations made it possible to prepare wine materials that contained a low concentration of sulfur dioxide, which is substantially lower than the harmful concentration for humans. In addition, increased concentrations of hydrogen ions in variants with the application of phosphate-potassium fertilizers have made it possible to reduce the number of iron tanates and the intensity of oxidation-reduction processes
In the article, we discuss some of the causes of plant death during the introduction in the south of Primorsky Krai. Introduction studies involving a large number of plant species always have not only positive, but also negative results. According to the results of long-term observations, factors affecting the longevity of plants in the arboretum collection of Gornotayezhnaya station of the FEB RAS are indicated. Regular inventories and annual observations of introduced species in the arboretum of Gornotayezhnaya station of the FEB RAS allowed us to identify the reasons of the decline of introduced species from the arboretum collection: low winter hardiness, fragility, inhibition of plants in thickened planting and due to shading, mismatch of environmental factors, insufficient care, damage to animals. It has been established that for the purpose of the initial selection of new species for introduction research, it is possible to use climatic zoning according to Reder. Analyzing the species belonging to a certain temperature zone and the reason of the decline, it can be conclude that the species belonging to I-III zones in the conditions of the southern Primorye acclimatize quite successfully with good care and a properly selected landing site. Plant species belonging to the IV-V zones need protection from low temperatures at a young age, and some in adulthood. The temperature zones VI and VII are critical for successful acclimatization, so the species belonging to these zones require special attention and careful selection of the place of growth
Chromium in soils is represented by the following forms of connections: 1) stationary; 2) strongly bound in the composition of primary and partially secondary clay minerals, with one and a half aluminum and iron hydroxides; 3) exchange bound on the surface of one-and-a-half oxides and clay minerals; 4) associated with organic matter of soils; 5) water-soluble compounds. The gross chromium content (70.1-78.3 mg/kg) in leached chernozem is well below clark soils of the world (100 mg/kg). The share of mobile, acid-soluble and acid-insoluble forms of the element compounds is 0.01, respectively; 7.09 and 92.9 % of its gross content. After three rotations of 11-full grain-grass-tillage crop rotation without mineral fertilizers, the chromium content in leached chernozem has not undergone significant changes, even to some extent there is a tendency of its reduction. This indicates the absence of serious natural sources of chromium in the soil. Scientifically-based system of fertilizers for agricultural crops does not lead to anthropogenic pollution of leached chernozem with chromium. The removal of this element with crop yields is compensated by its receipt in the form of ballast with mineral fertilizers
In this article, the influence of foliar treatments with complex fertilizers (Polimiks-agro, Sprühdünger 2) and a growth regulator (SeaweedMix) in the cultivation of rootstocks and seedlings given the concentration of drugs and phase of plant development. The positive effect of fertilizer "Polimix-agro" on physiological processes in plants of SC2U apple rootstock in the formation of adaptive resistance to abiotic stresses of the summer period, where the best water-holding capacity of the leaves than in the control. It was found that a single non-root feeding in the uterine growth regulator called SeaweedMix when reaching rootstocks height of 10-15 cm, allows to increase the yield by increasing the growth activity, increase the standard of layering with a decrease in the number of lateral branches, as well as 3-fold non-root fertilizing fertilizer Sprühdunger 2 provided an increase in the quality of rootstocks on the diameter of the trunk and height
One of the most important state tasks in the world is the production of grain in the most profitable way. The use of biological products in the cultivation of grain is very important in our time. Identification of the effectiveness of the use of biological products will allow enterprises growing winter wheat to determine the need for their use. The study was conducted in 2015-2018 in the field areas of the peasant farm called "Yurchenko", located in the Alexanderovsky district of the Stavropol region, in the area of unstable moisture on dark chestnut soils. Winter wheat is cultivated using biological products on the farm, using biopreparation Vimpel with drugs of fungicidal action of Alirin B and Alirin C - 522 plants per 1m2. The use of biological products of fungicidal action allowed to reduce the activity of fungal diseases, and Vimpel biopreparation increased plant nutrition. After that, this processing scheme allowed to obtain a higher mass of grains in the ear -1.01 g, which contributed to a higher yield. The processing plan of Vimpel and biological product a biological product of fungicidal activity Gliocladium is slightly lower than Vimpel + Alirin B + Alirin With, the number of productive stems before harvesting – 518 plants per m2 and weight of grains - 1.0 g. The study used field and laboratory methods. Cultivation of winter wheat using biological products is unprofitable in comparison with the control. Despite the increase in the yield and quality of grain, the cost of production is much higher than in the control sowing, which is due to the high cost of drugs and additional costs for their use
The aim of this work is to study the strength and the direction of the influence of morphological and biochemical properties of tomatoes on the quantitative, qualitative, financial and economic results of their cultivation and the degree of determinism of these results. Achieving this goal is of great scientific and practical interest for scientists, breeders and vegetable growers-practitioners. This allows breeders to obtain new high-performance varieties of tomato hybrids, and farms to choose hybrids, the cultivation of which is most effective from a financial and economic point of view. To achieve this goal, we use automated system-cognitive analysis (ASC-analysis) and its software tool which is the intelligent system called "Eidos". A numerical example based on real data on tomato hybrids has been considered in detail
The article is dedicated to the study of new complex growth regulator called Zerebra agro and its influence on agrobiological and technological indicators of grapes. Studies were conducted in the Anapo-Taman Wine Growing Zone of the Krasnodar region (PAO Pobeda, Temryuk District). The fruit-bearing plantations of the white variety Viorica were cultivated three times during the vegetation period: before flowering (May 27), after flowering (June 20), the growth phase of berries (July 18), berries ripening (August 13) 200 ml / ha. Application of the growth regulator Zerebra agro resulted in a significant increase in the average mass of the bunch (by 11.5%), due to an increase in the number of berries (by 12.6%), yields from the bush (by 11.8%) and yields of plantations (by 1.17 tons or %). The increase in the experimental variant of the vine harvest was not accompanied by a decrease in the sugar content of the berries juice and an increase in the titrated acidity. The use of Zerebra agro allowed to reduce the degree of death of the central buds of wintering eyes at two and a half times, also to increase the coefficients of fruiting and fruit bearing, as well as the proportion of eyelets with two inflorescences and more. The greatest decrease in the death of the central wintering buds, as well as an increase in the embryonic fruiting index, was observed in the zone of 1-5 buds, which makes it possible to apply in the experimental version a short pruning length of fruit vines and to abandon the dry garters of fruit shooters
The article considers phenomenon of the formation of giant fruits in higher plants. As regards the size of plants, several positions are distinguished such as giant fruit, in a common habit, i.e. the size of the whole plant; depending on the harvest. Examples of different types of gigantism in plants are given. It is shown that since the ancient times the phenomenon of gigantism has been widespread. Various reasons for the appearance of abnormally large plants and fruits are considered, growth genes regulating the process of cell division and formation are given. The study of the connections between plant organs that conduct and consume the assimilant, redistribute and use carbon is easy in the concept of donor-acceptor relationships. As a model object for studying the growth of giant fruits, we have examined varieties of pumpkin called Cucurbita maxima. Thus, in a short period, a paradigm shift occurred. From surprise and enthusiasm for the gigantism of plants, the issue of cellular growth regulation, the criteria for evaluating the reproduction process, the search for links with the size, number of cells and their properties is become. New model objects have appeared, the analysis of images of plant giants has shown a unique visual resource on various objects. New knowledge about the growth of plants and the ability to regulate the process formed the basis for selection programs for obtaining vegetables with specified fruit parameters, which makes them competitive in the market nowadays
The article considers the data on the applicability of bioinsecticides based on the granulovirus as an active ingredient against the apple moth. The methods for producing strains of the Cydia pomonella granulovirus to develop bioinsecticides are explained. The methods for the reproduction of laboratory populations of insects, the method of their infection and isolation of viral onset are described. The stages of obtaining bioinsecticides in vitro, as well as methods for their storage are provided