Persimmon is the most cold-resistant subtropical culture. It is relevant in scientific research and a prospect for the application of modern methods in plant breeding. The aim of this work is to review the latest advances in molecular genetic methods in persimmon breeding (Diospyros L.). The article shows the importance of studying the molecular genetic basis of persimmon breeding as a necessary condition for the development of new approaches in the production of new varieties. Statistics on the cultivation of this crop on an industrial scale is presented. The importance of culture is shown and given information on the territory of cultivation. Data on the study of genetic diversity, assessment of genetic stability, understanding the origin of persimmon varieties, degree of relationship using a number of molecular markers are presented. There are also DNA sequencing results, which are shown closely related relationships of Diospyros kaki with wild species D. oleifera, D. deyangensis, D. virginiana, D. glaucifolia, D. lotus and D. jinzaoshi. The reduce the astringency of the fruit, the significant role of regulation of structural genes (DkADH, DkPDC, DkPK, ALDH) in the biosynthesis of proanthocyanidins, in increasing the tolerance of plants to abiotic and biotic stress factors, level of expression of the studied genes are presented in this review
This overview and theoretical article deals with the consideration of hypothetical possibilities for the development of molecular-kinetic markers of agricultural plants allowing to quantify the effect of genotype-environment interaction on the basis of stability studies of mRNA. The development in view is based on the results of studies of the mRNA decay identity in vivo and in vitro (the ommp system), as well as the phenomenon of RNA interference (RNAi), widely studied in plants. The ommp system has allowed to establish the relationship of the cultivar-specific growth reaction to the effects of low positive temperatures, dehydration, salinity, illumination and biologically active substances with the stability of the total and a number of gene-specific mRNAs of green and etiolated seedlings of winter soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Similar studies of mRNA stability have been conducted on ripening grains of maize (Zea mays L.), with a particular result of the in vivo and in vitro decay identity confirmed for major mRNAs of stored proteins, 19 and 22 kDa zeins, of normal maize and mutant according to the regulatory gene opaque-2, changing the amount and stability of zein mRNA in the maturing grain of high-lysine maize. Regulatory response of the organism through RNAi is also multiple and includes neutralization of viral and bacterial infections, reaction to pathogens and biologically active substances, circadian rhythms, water stress, hypoxia, mechanical stress, mineral nutrition, salt stress and temperature changes. Unfavorable environmental influences result in an increase or decrease in the expression of certain microRNAs (miRNAs). The change in mRNA stability is an important component of the gene expression regulation system in eukaryotic cells. The main determinants of mRNA stability are in the 3'-untranslated region. It is the It is the (U)nА sequence and the degree of polyadenylation of mRNA, i.e. length of its terminal homonucleotide chain. It is to this region that mRNA molecules are complementary to miRNA. The most important component, which largely determines the regularity of the genotype-environment interaction, is the polyadenyl sequence at the 3 'end of the mRNA. Its length depends both on the genotype and on the environmental conditions. There is evidence that polyadenylation degree of mRNA determines the secondary structure of the molecule. As is known, deadenylation of mRNA reduces its lifetime, and when the poly-A-tail reaches several dozens of nucleotides, an explosive disintegration of the mRNA molecule occurs. Consequently, in a living cell the following mRNA decomposition scheme appears to be logical: shortening the poly-A-tail of the mRNA opens the sites of miRNA interaction with the 3'-non-coding region of the mRNA molecule, which causes its degradation. Thus, it is safe to assume that the interaction of mRNA and miRNA in the ommp system is the underlying process for molecular-kinetic markers under development
Distinctive features of seeds of Silybum marianum two varieties – the ‘Start’ and the ‘Debut’ on morphology are presented in the article and also data on influence of storage conditions on sowing qualities of seeds are submitted. Seeds of two varieties differ among themselves on coloring, a form and mass of 1000 seeds. The ‘Debut’ is characteristic sign of a variety existence of dark strips on a surface of seeds. Results of two years of tests have shown that during 1 year from the moment of collecting seeds energy of germination and viability gradually increases and reaches the maximum values in 12 months independently of storage conditions. The viability of seeds of the Silybum stored at the room temperature within 18 months decreases by 8,5-12,5%. As a result of an experiment it has been established that in the conditions of not heated room successful storage of seeds is possible not longer than one year, after that sowing qualities of seeds sharply decrease
The article deals with the realization of the re-productive potential of wheat with the use of multi-flower formation as a model object of winter soft wheat plants. The essence of the concept of "reproductive potential" is disclosed, as well as the significance of this concept for research aimed at increasing the productivity of wheat plants. The data obtained during the study and analysis of varieties of winter soft wheat with the sign of multi-flower formation are given. The reproductive potential of winter soft wheat plants was determined by counting flowers at the VI stage of organogenesis. The examined multi-flower forms of soft winter wheat compared with Krasnodar breeding varieties showed increased reproductive potential, as well as an increased number of grains with the ear, but with a reduced mass of 1000 grains. According to the data obtained, the degree of the reproductive potential of multi-flower forms of winter soft wheat varied significantly, depending on the weather and climate conditions of the year of the study. In conclusion, the choice of multi-flower formation of winter soft wheat as a model object for investigating the reproductive potential of wheat, as well as the factors that influence its implementation and the extent of such influence is justified
In the article, we discuss some of the causes of plant death during the introduction in the south of Primorsky Krai. Introduction studies involving a large number of plant species always have not only positive, but also negative results. According to the results of long-term observations, factors affecting the longevity of plants in the arboretum collection of Gornotayezhnaya station of the FEB RAS are indicated. Regular inventories and annual observations of introduced species in the arboretum of Gornotayezhnaya station of the FEB RAS allowed us to identify the reasons of the decline of introduced species from the arboretum collection: low winter hardiness, fragility, inhibition of plants in thickened planting and due to shading, mismatch of environmental factors, insufficient care, damage to animals. It has been established that for the purpose of the initial selection of new species for introduction research, it is possible to use climatic zoning according to Reder. Analyzing the species belonging to a certain temperature zone and the reason of the decline, it can be conclude that the species belonging to I-III zones in the conditions of the southern Primorye acclimatize quite successfully with good care and a properly selected landing site. Plant species belonging to the IV-V zones need protection from low temperatures at a young age, and some in adulthood. The temperature zones VI and VII are critical for successful acclimatization, so the species belonging to these zones require special attention and careful selection of the place of growth
The creation of high-quality grape varieties of domestic breeding is relevant in order to successfully import substitution. The purpose of these studies was to isolate and study the hybrid forms of the technical direction for the creation of promising high-quality grape varieties of domestic breeding, tolerant to phylloxera and with high quality wine-making products. The objects of research were the breeding forms of grapes of the technical direction, growing in on the hybrid section AZOSViW - a branch of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW. The studies were performed using modern and generally accepted programs and techniques. The selection of elite forms according to a complex of attributes based on many years of field and laboratory research is one of the main stages of the selection process. As a result of studying the potential of hybrid forms of grapes, the selection of AZOSViW of the technical direction highlighted the hybrid forms of grapes to the elite: III -59-21, III - 62-9, with good quality of final products and tolerance to phylloxera. The article presents a brief description of selected elite forms of grapes. The selected hybrid forms belong to the early-medium term of ripening, accumulate a high concentration of sugars and have an average cluster weight greater than that of the control variety called Krasnostop Anapa
The article describes the methods, specific researches on the analysis of source material for breeding work on winter soft wheat in the Belgorod region. The main purpose of our research was to study the economic and biological traits and properties of varieties in collective nursery and the creation of new initial material of winter wheat by the method of intraspecific hybridization for breeding in Belgorod state agricultural University. In 2016, the scheme of crossing promising lines recommended competitive trials of self-selection D9, D15, D19, variety Belgorod 16
The article discusses the need to control the technological parameters of wheat germination. A method of intensification of this process is proposed by pretreatment of grain with ultrasonic effect using the ULTA-0.63 / 22-OL apparatus UZTA-0.63 / 22-OL, Biysk. We have evaluated various modes of ultrasonic processing of the grain and their effect on the germination energy and the total number of nested and sprouted grains. We have also conducted optimization of grain processing conditions during germination. Based on the technological capabilities of the device and the optimal modes of ultrasonic exposure, the following exposure parameters were determined: 340 W and 5 minutes of exposure (soft wheat grain) and 397 W and 6 minutes of exposure (grain of durum wheat). The authors note that the intensification of this process significantly depends on varieties and qualities of wheat grain, since the process is complex and depends on many parameters. The use of ultrasonic treatment allows intensifying the soaking process and reducing the duration of this technological operation up to 6 hours for both samples of grain of soft and durum wheat. At the same time, for the necessary moistening of the grain, a ratio of water and grain for 1: 1 is sufficient, since there were no significant differences in the intensity of grain moistening
The article considers the introduction of organoleptic analysis of seeds into the line of first seed growing as a new method of increasing the consumer qualities of confectionary sunflower varieties. The carried-out researches allow making conclusions that it is necessary to use the nurseries of seed assessment not only for preservation and improvement of economically valuable signs of confectionary varieties but as well as for perfection of consumer qualities of manufactured raw materials in the process of selection-seed growing work with confectionary sunflower. The offered technology of organoleptic analysis was approbated in the department of science in Ltd Company SSE “Genofond” and is successfully used in the selection-seed growing program
In conditions of field and laboratory experiments, there were learned particular properties of vegetative reproduction of raspberry varieties. During the experiment, there were used Scromnitza, Glen Ample, Miraj varieties. In field conditions, there were made phenological accounts, also there were made biochemical observations of quality markers of fruits of observed raspberry varieties, based on department of laboratory of pomology of Kuban SAU. Optimal correlation of common sugars and acids, which define fruit tastes, seen on raspberry variety Glen Ample. Maximal amount of planting stocks obtained at reproduction of root stems with a more than 5 mm diameter. Glen Ample had the biggest (in comparison with other varieties) result of output amount of daughter plants. According to commercial – attractable level, raspberry varieties arranged in increasing order: Scromnitza, Miraj, Glen Ample. During the assessment of winter hardiness (based on degree of harming generative buds by frosts), Miraj was positively underlined