The article discusses the possibilities and presents the results of research on the cultivation of spring barley with different production technologies in conditions of insufficient and unstable wetting of the south of Russia. Experimental studies were carried out in a stationary experiment with a four-field crop rotation with different variants of tillage (dump, flat-cut, layered, without tillage – no-till). It is established that the most expensive is the waste treatment of the soil (PN-5-35), and the least expensive is the technology excluding the impact on the soil. At the same time, the operating costs of labor and fuel consumption at no-till are lower, respectively, by 82-107, 23-48, 131-188% in comparison with traditional types of technology. Hectare fuel consumption with zero technology is 131-188% less than with traditional technologies and amounted to 22.8 kg / ha. The cost of production of spring barley using no-till is 8-41% lower compared to flat-cut, layer-by-layer, and dump technology and amounts to 285 rubles per cent. Calculated per 1 hectare, labor costs, fuel consumption, wages, fuel costs, deductions for renovation and repairs, as well as total operating costs for traditional basic tillage technologies increase, respectively, 1,23-1,48; 2,31-2,88; 1,30-1,56; 3,1-3,81; 1,65-1,85; 1,81-1,96; 1,83-2,09 times compared with no-till. The use of spring barley cultivation technology that excludes impact on the soil provides a fairly high efficiency even at lower yields
In cherry breeding aimed to improve fruit quality,
methods of intervarietal, interspecific and remote
hybridization are often used. As a result of the
conducted studies, new promising cherry varieties of
different maturation period, developed in the
conditions of the Lower Volga region by the method
of remote ecologic-genetic hybridization using the
best local varieties, were studied. The most effective
crosses are those developed with use of high-quality
cherry forms Zhukovskaya and Podbelskaya.
According to the aggregate parameters of fruit
quality (dry matter content, sugar-acid index), the
following varieties were positively identified:
Temnookrashennaya, Dubovochka, Lydia,
Rozovaya, Lyubimitsa, Coloritnaya, Korneevskaya,
Loznovskaya, Afina, Sharada, Lexema. The content
of vitamin C - Temnookrashennaya, Lydia,
Coloritnaya, Rozovaya, Lexema. Varieties
Temnookrashennaya, Lydia, Coloritnaya, Rozovaya,
Lexema are offered for use in the canning industry
Rice is a crop with high yields guaranteed by nature itself. In recent years, huge changes have occurred in
the domestic rice cultivation, but despite this, there are still a lot of unsolved relevant problems. One of such problems is the development of high yielding varieties.
The success of breeding largely depends on the
availability of genetically diverse starting material
with a wide response to changing environmental
conditions, its knowledge and proper selection; as well
as the identification of new sources of valuable traits
and properties, among ecologically remote agro-types
that enrich the genetic potential of domestic
varieties. Development of a high-yielding variety is
greatly influenced by economically important traits:
plant height, total and productive tillering, the number
of spikelets and grains in the panicle, grain size,
weight of 1000 grains, etc. In modern biological
science of heredity, there is still the question of the
inheritance of quantitative traits. The study of
inheritance of quantitative traits constituting the main
elements of the yield structure is one of the most
important tasks, the solution of which is necessary to
speed up the breeding process. Inheritance of any trait
is often determined by researchers by the magnitude of
the dominance coefficient
Russian rice variety called Leader is widely cultivated in the Kyzylorda region of Kazakhstan. Elite seeds of the variety are produced in the Krasnodar region. Leader possesses field resistance to blast disease. One of the mechanisms for the formation of rice plant resistance to the causative agent of the fungus Pyricularia oryzae Cav is an increased accumulation of silicon (SiO2). Biochemistry studies have shown that pathogen-resistant varieties accumulate up to 19% silicon in flowering scales, and susceptible - less than 14%. The article presents the study materials of rice plants of the rice variety Leader with sowing rates of 700 and 350 seeds per m2 in the field trials. As a result, a correlation has been established between the plant density of the rice variety Leader, the silica content in the flowering scales of the kernels and the damage to the plants by blast disease. Shoots of rice were obtained when wet, so field germination reached 69-70%. In the first variant, the number of sprouting exceeded 490 pcs/m2 with single-stem plants having poorly developed panicles and partially infected by P. oryzae. The yield of rice was 5.75 t/ha. In the second variant, the density of seedlings was 244 pcs/m2. The plants were well developed, they formed 2 and more shoots at tillering and had large panicles without signs of disease. The yield was 8.10 t/ha. Biochemical analysis showed that in the first variant, the flower scales of single-stem plants contained 13.8% SiO2, and in the second 19.5%. The conclusion was made that for such varieties as Leader, the high density of plant stand is unacceptable. Under conditions of increased competition, rice plants form a weak root system, accumulate little silicon, and therefore can be affected by blast disease.
When studying the reaction of the plants of rice variety Leader to different levels of mineral nutrition, it has been defined that the optimal development of plants occurs at the plant density of 240-250 pcs/m2 and the level of mineral nutrition N120P100K50
The article discusses the organizational scheme of sugar beet seed production, as well as technological methods of seed production using the stick method and the cultivation of basic seeds in NRU. We substantiate the key elements of the cultivation of uterine sugar beet of summer sowing season
In the article, we show the results of researches on creation of a material with a fast return of moisture at ripening of a grain are resulted. The general (ACS) and specific (SCS) combinational ability of new corn lines was determined. A promising material has been identified for further work in the field of rapid release of moisture to grain during maturation
The content of selenium in the soils of various genetic types varies widely. Its amount is lower in soils formed on volcanic rocks. On average, it is 0.2-0.6 mg/kg. In the soils formed on sedimentary rocks, the content of selenium is often in the range of 4.5-5.0 mg/kg and depending on the conditions of formation it varies widely, sometimes reaching 100 mg/kg. Predominantly they are alkaline soils, selenium concentrations in the soil solution is 10-6 moles. The content of selenium in most soil types of the Russian Federation and CIS countries varies in the range of 0.01-1.0 mg/kg. Floodplain, chestnut soils, black soils and gray soils are more enriched (0.3 to 1.0 mg/kg), whereas sod-podzolic and sandy soils are relatively depleted (0,05-0,2 mg/kg). Systematic application of mineral fertilizers on the fields of crop rotation leads to a decrease in total content in the leached black soil. Fertilizers contribute to increased mobility of this element and more intensive involvement of it in the biological cycle
The generalized long-term experience on creation of base of Queen cells in grape varieties, improved in vitro culture, on the sandy array of Ust-Donetsk district of Rostov region. Problems frequently encountered on sandy soils and ways of their solution are shown. We focus on: rehabilitation of the landing of plants of grapes in the conditions of greenhouses, open ground, the optimum time and methods of planting. The work shows the effectiveness of different dressings and types of fertilizers, influence of drugs of new generation, affected the uterine protection of plantations from pests and disease, deep sandy soils freezing in winter, especially the development of root system of different varieties. On the basis of generalization of long-term data, we suggest the most appropriate solutions, and developed technology bookmarks and conducting basic queen cells from healthy in vitro planting material of grapes in the sandy array
Modern domestic tomato hybrid should be competitive with tomato hybrids of foreign selection. To create a model of a future hybrid, a collection of modern tomato hybrids of domestic and foreign selection presented on the seed market was investigated. During the study, a modern method of genetic study of the genotype of tomato Real-Time PCR was used. As a result of the study, a model of a modern tomato hybrid with tolerance to powdery mildew of tomato was described. In the future, it is planned to carry out breeding work to create such a hybrid. In the course of studying the F1 collection of tomato hybrids, it was found that the modern model of a tomato hybrid should have the following characteristics: a semi-vegetative type of growth with closely spaced internodes, early and medium ripening, a simple type of inflorescence with 4–5 fruits if the average weight of fruit is more than 200 grams; with 6–7 fruits weighing up to 150 grams for collection by tassels. High strength of fruits with the absence of concentric and radial cracking, suitable for long-distance transportation, is required. In the genotype of the modern hybrid model, in addition to tomato powdery mildew resistance (Oidiun lycopersici), it is necessary to have a complex of resistance genes to such diseases as tobacco mosaic virus (Tomato mosaic tobamovirus), Fusarium oxysporum, verticillosis wilt of the tomato; ), brown spot of tomato (Cladosporium fulvum). It is also desirable the presence of a gene of resistance to the yellow leaf curl virus of tomato (Tomato yellow leaf curl virus) and the gall nematode (Meloidogyne incognita)
This article is devoted to the definition of criteria for the functioning of agrocenoses. It is determined that the functioning of agrocenoses largely depends on the resource potential: used ecological zones, applied technologies, technological operations and regulations. The basis of effective reproduction and sustainability of agrocenoses is the optimal balance of resources used. The work purpose is the substantiation of optimal parameters of resource intensity of the technological processes in horticulture and the determination of the limits of sustainability of agrocenoses under anthropogenic influences. The integrated assessment of resource intensity of production and technological processes in industrial fruit growing for optimization of its parameters of resource intensity is given. The optimum of reproduction possibilities and limits of stability of agroecosystem components in comparability with the level of technogenic load is achieved by means of regulation of permissible anthropogenic loads in separate elements of agroecosystem and resource balance of elements and processes. The limits of sustainability of fruit agrocenosis under anthropogenic influences are substantiated as well. Regression dependences on technological processes in the context of certain types of resources used are established: capital (depreciation), turnover (material consumption and coefficient of consolidation) and labor (wage). The complex coefficient of efficiency of the economic mechanism of resource saving is defined. The article substantiates optimal parameters of resource-intensive production and technological processes in industrial horticulture. We have also calculated the normative value of the total index of resource intensity of technological processes