Scientific Journal of KubSAU

Fruit harvesting is the final and decisive operation in the general work plan for growing fruit, which largely determines the qualitative and quantitative indicators of production and economy of industry in general. Increasing productivity by improving the safety of fruits and vegetables is a priority and not an easy task. For example, the use of cleaning technologies with the use of machinery for harvesting of apples by shaking can significantly reduce the time of gathering fruit compared to hand harvesting. This technology may be applicable, if the fruit is grown for the manufacture of juices, jams, etc. Currently, in several European countries and in the USA, they widely use fruit harvesting platforms and machines. The leader in the production of fruit harvesting platforms is Italy. To reduce the damage to fruit in agriculture, the analysis of the traumatic factors is of great importance, with the analysis of available machines and their subsequent modernization with the aim of improving the reliability and quality of harvesting and transport process, taking into account of the algorithm for solving these problems, the creation of new varieties of fruits and vegetables suitable for machine processing, strict compliance with deadlines and agronomic requirements for the performed technological operations, taking into account the savings of energy and resources when using mobile technology. In addition to the modernization of the machines for efficient operation, it is necessary to improve also the scheme of planting of gardens and methods of cultivation, transfer horticulture to intensive way of development

The role of transport in agricultural production is considerable. It is a connecting link in a single technological chain of the agroindustrial complex of the country (RF AIC). In intraeconomic transportation in the RF AIC, along with cars, we widely use tractors. Rational application of wheeled tractors in intraeconomic carriage substantiates the possibility of their movements both on asphalted and dirt roads. A specific share of tractor transport in domestic agriculture amounts 22-27% of the total transport transportations and 50-60% of intraeconomic carriage. There is a high level of the usage of tractor transport in Western European countries and in the United States. In farms of leading Western European countries (Germany, Italy, France and others.) there is about 70-90% of intraeconomic carriage performed by tractor transport. One of the most substantial and difficult tasks is to fight with damage and losses of agricultural production, in which a very responsible role has been assigned to automobile and tractor transport as an important link in the AIC. According to the analysis of materials for the preparation and use of potatoes and apples, more than 15-20% of the products do not reach the consumer. Low quality of the use of vehicles during transportation is a problem. Transport costs in the prime cost of produced products in rural areas reach 30-40% or more. Lowering them will further influence the development of the agroindustrial complex. Thus, the creation of new of scientifically grounded decisions in designs of vehicles for intraeconomic carriage that enhance preservation and performance of potato harvesting and apples in the conditions of Russia's AIC is the actual scientific and technical task. Its solution makes a significant contribution to the development of the country, as well as it contributes to the implementation of breakeven, competitive manufacture

In agriculture the issue of enhancing the efficiency of operation of internal combustion engines (ICE), reducing the costs of maintenance (TO) and repairing (TP) fuel supply apparatus (TA) using the improvement of methods and means of diagnosis is a topical in connection with the aging rolling stock farming and lack of investment. Analysis of the known TA diesel engine vehicles systems showed that the most widespread system is the divided type with multiplunger high pressure fuel pump (fuel pump), while the methods of its diagnosing are laborious, they require partial disassembly and have insufficient accuracy. The mathematical models that characterize the work of a high-pressure fuel pump (fuel pump) use a large number of parameters that significantly affect the quality of dynamics of the change of pressure values of diesel fuel. However, in the materials of previously published articles there were no issues considered assessing the extent of the quantitative impact, performance and features change in the sensitivity settings of the mathematical models on the simulation results, there are no recommendations on the degree of sensitivity and importance of each of the parameters. For a more accurate diagnosis of the fuel supply apparatus of a diesel engine it is advisable to use several methods of diagnosing. The article substantiates development of a mathematical model of a high-pressure fuel pump based on the analysis of modern methods of diagnosing of fuel equipment for autotractor diesel engines

In the study of the processes of growing, harvesting, post-harvesting processing and delivery of fruit and vegetables it seems to be rational to have generalized control of the "product – environment – packaging – transport - storage" in general, as well as providing the possibility of creating optimal conditions for fruit and vegetable products depending on its condition. The basis of ensuring product integrity at all stages of production is a system approach with application of modern information technologies. Optimization of logistic processes in the agro-industrial complex (AIC), in addition to cost, market influences many important indicators of the final product of this complex: quality, timing and reliability of supply, the size of the delivered batches, etc. The quality of fruits and vegetables begins to change dramatically immediately after harvesting. Being in a stressful and unfavorable conditions, fruit, vegetables, root crops intensively lose moisture and consume nutrients, secrete aromatic substances, carry out the breathing process. These losses are caused by biological factors fit fruit and vegetable products to the changed conditions. Thus, the main indicators of the quality of products to control rationally in the process of harvesting and subsequent production phases take into account the data obtained to optimize process parameters to reduce losses and damage products. The article discusses the prospects of applying the system-information approach to the formation of quality of fruits and vegetables during transportation and storage. The proposed embodiment of a generalized control of the "product – environment – packaging – transport - storage", aimed at ensuring the possibility of creating optimal conditions for easy-to-sell agricultural products (fruits, vegetables, root crops) depending on its condition. We have established that rational technology of production and sales of products must have the ability to control and operational adjustments depending on the level of quality input products from the stage of harvest

One of the promising directions of development of agriculture of the Russian Federation is to increase the production, improve the quality and decrease the cost of potato cultivation. Annual cleaning is one of the most intense and costly in transport and technological processes. Potatoes - blending high culture and very picky about cleaning. The highest yields and income from potato production get where embedded technology to optimize energy and labor costs. The main (though not only) the special technical means used during machine harvesting potatoes, are potato harvesters. The main problem when cleaning is a problem of balancing conflicting requirements to the process and possibilities of agricultural machinery. Including increasing the purity of the tubers in the container with one hand, minimization of losses and damages of tubers on the other hand, when the performance of equipment. In this article we propose a circuit-design solution separating the working body of the potato harvester that allow for cleaning to significantly reduce the amount of traumatized potatoes in the process of separating soil and vegetable impurities, creating the preconditions for the elimination of damage to the tubers on the hard side of the working bodies of harvesting machines. Informed choice and timely use of plug-in modules (separating working bodies) in modern potato harvesting machines at work in specific climatic conditions allows them to fully match the list of regulated agronomic requirements. Thus, the creation of new science-based technical solutions for a separation of the organs of potato harvesters is an actual scientific-technical task, which makes a significant contribution to the development of the country

In the world, recycling processes have recently become more common in order to save material and energy resources. Currently, in connection with the level of motorization, there grew a problem of recycling waste tires and their elements which is of great importance for many regions of the country. Decommissioning worn tires is a source of environmental pollution, bearing the prolonged character; they are not a subject to biological destruction and require constant increase of storage facilities. There is a continuous accumulation of used tires and we can recycle only about 20% of their amount. Worn tires represent very large-capacity products of polymer-containing waste, virtually resistant to natural degradation. Therefore, the problem of processing and secondary use, emerged from the operation of tires is of great economic and environmental significance. However, the worn tires are a source of valuable secondary raw materials: rubber, soot (essentially pure carbon), metal and synthetic cord. 90% of all waste of rubber are tires and represent a vast reserve of raw materials. In the emerging in the industry nonrenew- material resources the efficient use of secondary raw materials is of great importance. There are improved technologies for processing rubber goods, and the equipment used for it

The role of transport in agricultural production is significant. It is the connecting link in the technological chain of the agro-industrial complex (of the APC). On-farm transport in the APC together with cars and tractor transport are widely used. The rationality of the use of wheeled tractors for farm transport substantiates the possibility of their movement on asphalt and on dirt roads. The specific gravity of the tractor transport in the domestic agriculture is 22-27% of the total volume of transport and 50-60% of the volume of farm traffic. A high level of use of tractor transport has been observed in the countries of Western Europe and the USA. In the farms of leading countries of Western Europe (Germany, Italy, France, etc.) about 70- 90% on-farm transport of agricultural goods is done by tractor transport. Tractor transport in a live environment is running on roads with varying terrain, a wavy profile cover, on soils with different hardness and humidity. When driving vehicles at high speeds, the trailer is wobbling from side to side, constantly accompanying tractor transport during its operation. As a result, it is bad for propulsion, transmission, and it deteriorates the dynamic performance properties of equipment, working conditions of the operator. To reduce the amplitude of oscillations of the trailer, the operator is forced to work strenuously with the steering wheel or to slow down the speed, which in turn affects operator fatigue, as well as the performance and maneuverability of the vehicle. Thus, advanced technologies in electronics, sensor technology and software will determine the nature of agro-technical innovations and will lead to increased automation of business processes in crop production with the aim to organize the work more effectively, efficiently, accurately, environmentally friendly and economically feasible. When working with intelligent technologies, understanding the development of high-tech, precision engineering requires a revision to the personnel policy and education in agriculture, which should be based on the relevant organization of farms and their proper new type engineering solutions

Potato has been and remains one of the five world's most important crops. For nearly two hundred years potato in Russia is the "second bread". This is one of the so-called social products. Over the past 20 - 25 years of potato farming in our country, there have been significant changes, both positive and negative. Today, potatoes are grown in different soil and climatic conditions in more than one hundred countries around the world, including the desert oasis and beyond the polar circle. Potato cultivation Center recently has moved to Asia. In our time, the leaders of potato production are China, Russia, India, the US and Ukraine. Over the past few decades the number of produced potatoes has increased by 41% and the area under potato planting only 9.5%. From the above data it is clear that the world potato economy in recent years has got significant changes, indicating that the timeliness and relevance of the material in this article is true

Condition monitoring is a necessary element of the transport and special machinery in agriculture. The task of the control operations other than the determination of the technical state of the object is to determine the required amount of work, as well as rational amount of collateral the repair of which could be combined with the next maintenance. Based on the results of processing of the information, we may generate requests for service. In the conditions of uncertainty of receipt of requests for servicing of individual machines, estimated volumes and timing, we have am appropriate development of applied technique of justification of the number of diagnostic posts for interactive control of a technical condition of vehicles and special machinery in agriculture. The presented methodology is based on probabilistic methods, and allows the quick optimization of the number of existing posts interactive diagnostics in the enterprise, if necessary, translating the existing posts in "standby" mode, or Vice versa, returning from a reserve in "work" mode. The production and technical base of the enterprise service based on the specific assumptions are considered as a system of mass service (SMO), and the function of such a SMO – as the process of mass service. The process of queuing as applied to interactive diagnosis are "Markov" processes "death and reproduction" with a finite or countable number of States and continuous time. To describe the states of the system we use the system of the Kolmogorov equations for steady state of "Markov" process. On their basis, we have determined average queue length, time of stay orders in the queue, number of busy channels and the bandwidth of the CFR. Using the intensity of the requests and the service time of a single application for specific equipment, the article establishes the efficiency of online diagnosis posts. The result of the proposed applied methodology enables timely decision-making about the need for reconstruction or technical re-equipment of the company

The transportation process plays an important role in the delivery of agricultural products to the consumer. On how well the fruits are preserved, their grade will depend, and, consequently, the price of them. It is known, that the annual damage from losses of agricultural products in the agro-industrial complex amounts to 8 billion rubles, according to various estimates. A large number of different factors affect the safety of fruits during transportation: temperature, humidity, smoothness of the vehicle, type of container, etc. The more factors will have a negative impact on fruit and vegetable products, the more losses will ultimately be. The appearance of dents and abrasions on the fruits gives rise to the formation of foci of rot, leading to damage to the transported products, and, as a consequence, reducing the grade. In order to reduce the losses of fruit and vegetable products in the process of transportation, the USSR and the Russian Federation have been and are working on the creation of containers and ways of transporting pomegranates. All of them, according to the authors, are able to reduce the dynamic loads that arise during the transportation process and have a negative impact on the transported products. However, due to various circumstances in commercial gardening all these developments have not been extended