Many procedures of applied mathematical statistics
are based on the solution of extreme problems. As
examples it is enough to name methods of least
squares, maximum likelihood, minimal contrast,
main components. In accordance with the new
paradigm of applied mathematical statistics, the
central part of this scientific and practical discipline
is the statistics of non-numerical data (it is also
called the statistics of objects of non-numerical
nature or non-numeric statistics) in which the
empirical and theoretical averages are determined by
solving extreme problems. As shown in this paper,
the laws of large numbers are valid, according to
which empirical averages approach the theoretical
ones with increasing sample size. Of great
importance are limit theorems describing the
asymptotic behavior of solutions of extremal
statistical problems. For example, in the method of
least squares, selective estimates of the parameters
of the dependence approach the theoretical values,
the maximum likelihood estimates tend to the
estimated parameters, etc. It is quite natural to seek
to study the asymptotic behavior of solutions of
extremal statistical problems in the general case.
The corresponding results can be used in various
special cases. This is the theoretical and practical
use of the limiting results obtained under the
weakest assumptions. The present article is devoted
to a series of limit theorems concerning the
asymptotics of solutions of extremal statistical
problems in the most general formulations. Along
with the results of probability theory, the apparatus
of general topology is used. The main differences
between the results of this article and numerous
studies on related topics are: we consider spaces of a
general nature; the behavior of solutions is studied
for extremal statistical problems of general form; it
is possible to weaken ordinary requirements of
bicompactness type by introducing conditions of the
type of asymptotic uniform divisibility
We consider numerical solutions of the Navier-Stokes
equations describing laminar and turbulent flows in
channels of various geometries and in the cavity at
large Reynolds numbers. An original numerical
algorithm for integrating a system of nonlinear partial
differential equations is developed, based on the
convergence of the sequence of solutions of the
Dirichlet problem. Based on this algorithm, a
numerical model is created for the fusion of two
laminar flows in a T-shaped channel. A new
mechanism of meandering is established, which
consists in the fact that when the two streams merge,
a jet is formed containing the zones of return flow.
Vortex motion in a rectangular cavity is studied. It is
established that the numerical solution of the problem
with discontinuous boundary conditions loses
stability at Reynolds number Re> 2340. The
trajectories of passive impurity particles in a
cylindrical cavity are investigated. An explanation of
the behavior of tea leaves in a cup of tea in the
formation of a toroidal vortex because of circular
stirring is confirmed, which is confirms the wellknown
hypothesis of Einstein. A numerical model of
flow in an open channel with a bottom incline in a
rotating system is developed. It is shown that in both
laminar and turbulent flow under certain conditions a
secondary vortex flow arises in the channel due to the
Coriolis force, which explains the well-known Baer
law and confirms the Einstein hypothesis
In this article, we discuss the relationship between the
previously obtained model for calculating atomic radii
with electrodynamics, the hydrodynamic model of the
planets of the Solar System, and the R-function of the
structural organization of electronic systems. It is
shown that the curve of the dependence of the value
of the correction coefficient e
x
on the atomic number
of the element in form coincides with the dependence
of the ionization energy on the mass of the atom and
the R-function on the nuclear charge. The concept of
the "atomic nucleus potential", which takes into
account the energy of the nucleus and the charge of
the nucleus of the atom, is introduced. It is shown that
the radius of an atom is the product of the nuclear
potential by a factor kx
, taking into account the
characteristics of electronic levels; the energy of the
nuclear reaction is the work of the forces of the field
(potential) of the atomic nucleus along the
displacement of the atomic charge. The dependence of
the potential of the nucleus on the charge number in
the Mendeleev’s Periodic Table is shown. It is shown
that any system of satellites (or atomic shells) has a
constant ratio of its Kepler number to the mass of the
central body around which they rotate. It is shown that
in the Table of Mendeleev's chemical elements and in
the solar system, the fundamental value is the mass of
the center (the nucleus of the atom or the center of the
orbit). The ratio of the Kepler number to the mass of
the central body is a constant, within the accuracy of
construction and calculations
The study of agronomy plants history, its distribution
and use through image analysis and iconography have
been presented. As an object of study, the image of
wheat has been taken as the ancient culture of the
world among agricultural plants. After many years, the
illustrative series takes on a completely different
meaning, namely, it becomes an independent resource
of information. The analysis includes images of wheat
in painting, sculpture, mosaic, tapestries, murals,
botanical illustrations, stamps, porcelain and scientific
drawings. In the work, we have made an attempt to
analyze the images of wheat in the works of art in
order to search for species diversity, directions of
selection and genetic research, and also to present the
morphological characteristics of culture. The method
of analysis is a method of visual notes or sketches,
which consists in comparing and searching
information by image. The analysis is carried out on
grounds: tall wheat, multiflorous forms of wheat, nonspreading,
thickness of straw. The visual analysis of
the images of wheat in works of art by the method of
sketches made it possible to reveal the species
diversity of culture along the ear, to see the ancient
forms that were cultivated in the world before the
"green revolution". The analysis included works of art
from the 14th to the 21st century, the masters of
painting in Italy, Germany, Russia, the Netherlands,
France, the United States, and others
In the review, the stages of designing therapeutic cocktails of T4 type bacteriophages based on works by Harald Brüssow from Nestlé S.A. (Switzerland) are considered. The main stages of this process are identified: analysis of existing cocktails, selection of phages; creating a collection; cultivation of the host bacterium, multiplication of viruses; purification of the preparation; contamination testing; preservation, stabilization and storage; preclinical and clinical trials. H. Brüssow first studied the Russian drug " Coli-Proteus bacteriophage " of "Microgen" with the help of metagenomic analysis, electron microscopy and conducted its clinical studies. Prof. Brüssow considered the advantages of T4 bacteriophages for the treatment of Escherichia coli infections. Researchers studied methods of cultivation in Erlenmeyer flasks, in a bioreactor, in disposable sack cultivators for the propagation of viruses. For its purification the chromatography, centrifugation, filtration and polyethylene glycol precipitation were studied. To quickly check the contamination of phage cocktails, a mass spectrometry method is proposed. Researchers considered basic strategies, such as lyophilization, spray drying, the formation of microcrystals and microspheres to stabilize the preparations. They also reviewed the results of clinical trials of phage cocktails. We have listed the problems of selecting T4 bacteriophages from the point of view of modern knowledge. H. Brüssow and his colleagues carried out an interesting work on the construction of phage cocktails based on T4 type bacteriophages, and also revealed the problems of the current state of phage therapy
In the course of the work, 33 ISSR markers were
evaluated for efficacy in the detection of genetic changes
in regenerants of Galanthus woronowii Losinsk.. Ten
markers were found suitable for genotyping according to
the species under study. Five samples from the selected
ten were analyzed for a sample of 20 plants of
regenerants and a mother plant. The obtained data testify
to genetic stability of plant material in the process of
microclonal propagation
The importance of improving the quality of
electrical energy was growing along with the
development and wide implementation in the
production of valve converters and various highperformance
processing units, such as arc furnace,
welding machines etc. The main causes of potential
and existing non-compliances of non-sinusoidal
voltages can be joining sources and non-sinusoidal
reactive power sources, including resonant filters,
to existing electric grids without taking into
account their possible impact on the distortion of
the sinusoidal voltage. Transformers are affected
by the non-sinusoidal shapes of the curves of
current and voltage. The effect is characterized by
the fact that the harmonics of current and voltage
increase transformer temperature, compared to
purely sinusoidal current and voltage. The aim of
this work is to study the influence of higher
harmonics on power loss in power transformers.
Experimental study of operation of power
transformers was carried out on the developed
model of the transformer substation. The
experiments were conducted with different
capacities of transformers that have variables in the
range of 250-1000 kVA. By using programmable
voltage source a sinusoidal voltage is formed
containing the third, fifth, sixth, seventh, ninth and
twelfth harmonics. The level of harmonics is
changed in the range of 2-12 %
The article considers scheme of sewage treatment
plants AG-STOK of Novorossiysk trading sea port,
designed to clean the surface runoff from the territory
of industrial sites and residential areas to the norms of
discharge in the drainage network. The installation
includes a well-separator, a storage tank, mechanical
cleaning of solids on a mechanical filter, filtration
through a filter with granular loading and filtration
through a filter with sorption loading. The treated
runoff, which corresponds to the conditions of
discharge into the urban drainage network,
accumulates in a tank of clean water and is diverted to
the storm sewer network. There are: the scheme of
treatment facilities, the explication of equipment, a
photo of a mechanical filter, a filter with a granular
load and a filter with a sorption load. The indicators of
surface runoff correspond to the norms of the
maximum permissible discharge
The article reflects the relationship between the
parameters of research activities of students and the
characteristics of the educational environment in
higher education. It is known that the research activity
of students is an integral part of the educational
process, therefore, the parameters of research activity
can and should be indicator variables reflecting certain
aspects of the educational environment. According to
modern views, all types of research activities of
students (educational, research, scientific and practical
and research) is the most important mechanism for the
development of their research competence. In addition,
the parameters of research activities of students - the
reflection of the relationship of scientific and
educational activities in higher education, and this -
one of the most important factors of competitiveness
of the educational environment. The authors
substantiate that the parameters reflecting the research
activity of students characterize, first of all, such
aspects of the educational environment as its intensity,
social activity, dominance, coherence, mobility,
stability, reliability and efficiency. This is due to the
fact that the research activity of students is a transdisciplinary
process that depends on the same factors
as the educational process as a whole and is
characterized by the same didactic goals (tasks) as the
educational process as a whole. In identifying the
relationship between the parameters of research
activities of students and the characteristics of the
educational environment, the authors also took into
account the relevance of such a task as ensuring
continuity between levels of continuing education. The
theoretical significance of the results of this study is
that they can be the basis for further scientific
understanding of the problems of the quality of
education and the effectiveness of educational
environments, the practical significance is that they
can be applied in the systems of socio-pedagogical and
psycho-pedagogical monitoring and the effectiveness
of the educational environment, as well as monitoring
the student's personal and professional development).
Methodological bases of research: system,
sociological, competence, probability-statistical and
qualimetric approaches (leading methodological basis -
competence approach). Research methods: modeling;
methods of graph theory, sets and relations; systemiccognitive
analysis; methods of qualimetry (theory of
latent variables); methods of mathematical statistics
(first of all - the method of rocky scree); methods of
the theory of limits
We live in a world of rapidly developing information
technologies, where many organizations are related to
each other, forming complex information networks.
Therefore, storage, analysis and retrieval of
information is a very complex and urgent task. In
connection with the advent of search engines and
communications, millions of people are engaged in the
search and retrieval of information. Commercial search
engines, such as Google, use keyword search based on
logical queries. The main disadvantage of this search
is that it returns a lot of irrelevant information, which
leads to low accuracy. In this article, we focus on
building a semantic search system based on the
mapping of the ontological model. This includes
various stages of development of ontology, the phase
of indexing and information retrieval