The roots of scientific knowledge on soil go into antiquity
and are connected with the development of
land management. A human had knowledge about
soil as a friable layer of Earth, which was a subject o
land management treatment until the time there were
occurred the problems of shortage of arable lands,
hunger and decrease of fertility, which caused the
necessity of obtaining of more produce with less arable
lands. The development of soil science was required
for solving of these practical tasks. In postwar
period there were carried out the large researches
in the field of plant nutrition and application of fertilizers.
For this period the active study of organic
properties of soil occurred. The Dokuchaev’s study
on genetic types of soil was the tuning point in the
development of problems of soil classification. The
further development of problems of soil classification
were made on the basis of set genetic positions, thus
the various approaches lighting the different parties
of a classification problem took place. The soil fertility
in force of its important functions for a long
time is not only as an agronomic category but also as
a social, economic, philosophic, and at the last time –
ecological one. The modern understanding of function
of fertility is reached with the help of mathematical
modeling. First, it is necessary clearly to present
the aggregate factors of fertility and their interaction
between them and external factors
The article presents the results of the studies on the
variability of morphological traits of the
cenopopulations of Allium prostratum, Allium
ramosum on the natural territory of the Yakutsk
Botanical Garden and in cultura. We have performed
researches of biometric parameters, which revealed the
structural features of the plant and the nature of the
variability of their parts. The article also gives an
estimation of coenopopulations vitality
The work was done based on the collection of the
natural flora of the Yakut Botanical Garden. The
object of research was the seeds of 22 species of the
family Ranunculaceae. It is known that the seeds of
many buttercup characterized morphophysiological
tranquility associated with hypoplasia of the fetus
(Nikolaeva, 1988; 1999), due to what delayed the
germination of their seeds. Laboratory germination of
seeds of the studied species varies from 0 to 100%.
Among them, we have not found the kinds seeds
which have explosive or fast germination (1 type of
seed germination). The germination of the studied
seeds states ranging from 6-7 days or more. The
studied seeds were evenly distributed between 2 (12
species), and 3 types of seed germination (10 species).
Type 2 is characterized by slow germination, type 3 -
poor germination or lack of it
Were summed up of perennial introductory tests of the
representatives of the family Betulaceae S.F. Gray in
the Botanical Garden SFedU. The 33 species of this
family have been studied for a total. Evaluation of
winter hardiness of the family members showed that
the absolute resistance to the full range of factors
winter have representatives genus Betula, also Alnus
incana (L.) Moench and Corylus colurna L. Species of
the genus Betula and Corylus may be attributed to the
plants having a resistance to drought. The highly
drought-resistant species – Carpinus betulus L., C.
turczaninowii Hance, Alnus incana (L.) Moench and
Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. Less than drought-resistant –
Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. Most of the tested species
should be attributed to hemixerophytes. The high
degree of defeat by fungal diseases of the species
genera Alnus, Betula and Carpinus makes them
unsuitable for the regional culture. The causative agent
of the disease is a fungus Chondrostereum purpureum
(Pers.) Pouzar. Based on the totality ecological and
biological properties only species of the genus Corylus
remain promising for the culture. For introductory test
it is advisable to attract drought-tolerant species of the
family Betulaceae such as: Alnus barbata C.A. Mey.,
A. rubra Bong., A. rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng., Carpinus
cordata Blume, C. caucasica Grossh., C. caroliniana
Walter, C. orientalis Miller., C. tschonoskii Maxim.,
Betula insignis Franch., B. lanata (Regel) V.N. Vassil.,
B. luminifera H.J.P. Winkl., B. nikoensis Koidz., B.
forrestii Hand.-Mazz., B. utilis D. Don., Ostrya
virginiana K.Koch
The review examines the recent years’ data
pertaining to the interaction of plants with
nanoparticles of noble metals (gold and silver) and
with nanoparticles of magnesium as an element that
has a central role in the organization of the cellular
protein-synthesizing apparatus. Information is
presented about the effect of gold and silver
nanoparticles on plants and on possible nanoparticle
phytotoxicity. It is shown that magnesium
nanoparticles, as well as those of noble metals,
produce various effects on the growth and
productivity of plants, enabling the arsenal of
biologically active substances to be expanded.
Analysis is made of the involvement of magnesium
nanoparticles in cryobiological reaction of the
regular breakdown of plant RNA under conditions of ultra low temperatures, which is important not
only for the further developments of views of the
origin of life ob Earth but also for the purposes of
designing new markers for the analysis of the
biological peculiarities of agricultural crops on the
basis of studies of magnesium in the long-lived
RNA of their mature seeds. The presented critical
analysis of the literature data, which are often
incomplete and contradictory, suggest that a
coordinated research program is needed that would
detect correlation between particle parameters,
experimental design, and observed biological
effects
The problem of increasing resistance of winter
barley to adverse conditions of winter is the most
problem in the selection area of this crop. The main
component of this complex trait is the frost
resistance. Laboratory methods of assessment of
frost resistance are important for breeding of winter
barley. These methods can effectively replace more
costly method of direct freezing in the freezers.
Magnesium cations (Mg++) are essential
components of the protein-synthesizing system of
germinating seeds. Magnesium cations determine
the stability and translational activity of mRNA and
rRNA. Trilon B is usually used for in vitro banding
of magnesium cations in area of biochemistry of the
nucleic acids. It was very interesting to verify the
Trilon B influence to seed germination of winter
barley varieties by experiment. Experiments
showed: actinomycin D – the inhibitor of RNA
synthesis – didn’t show varieties specific effect to
seed growth of winter barley, while Trilon B had a
varieties specific impact to length coleoptiles and
roots. Research was carried out on etiolated
seedlings at temperatures from 22 to 28oC, and different concentrations of Trilon B - 1,6×10-3Ðœ,
2,4×10-3Ðœ and 3,2×10-3Ðœ. The roots of 3-days old
seedlings were more sensitive to Trilon B influence.
It is shown the varieties of Russian origin were
naturally reacted to Trilon B: the higher the frost
resistance of variety, the more resistant variety to
the action of various concentrations of Trilon B at
different temperatures. The most optimum
concentration was 3,2 × 10-3Ðœ at 22-25oC.
Varieties by foreign origin deviated from this
pattern. It is interesting to research the genetic
essence of these differences. It will be helpful for
optimization of varieties differentiation conditions
to create a laboratory method of estimate of frost
resistance of winter barley. The new method will be
most efficient compared the direct freezing method
INFLUENCE OF COMPLEX COMPOSTS ON DEVELOPMENT OF LIVING ORGANISMS IN TOP LAYERS OF ORDINARY CHERNOZEM
Complex compost, which is formed in the process of
unification of organic and mineral colloids, the formation
of new cycles of nutrients, increasing the enzymatic
activity of organic matter and respiration of
living organisms, the formation of gaseous compounds,
increase of ecological niches and land reclamation is a
new direction in practical ecology, agriculture and soil
science. This line determines of creation and use of
complex mixtures of different wastes household, industrial
and agricultural production for enrichment soil of
organic and mineral dispersed and colloidal systems
and improving their physical, chemical and biological
and ecological functions. Formation of complex of
compost is provided by the enrichment of substrate of
organic matter, comprehensive set of mineral substances
and their mixed colloidal composition. Microbial
communities are determined by the level of transformation
of organic matter and activity of life support
system and the variety of living species. Entering into
the top layer of soil of complex compost contributes to
the development and expansion of ecological niches.
At the complex compost it is very active increases the
number of actinomycetes, especially representatives of
the genus Streptomyces, the population of which are
accumulated in the top layer of soil in the summer.
Actinomycetes series of Cinereus were encountered
most often in the soil after introduction of complex
compost, Violaceus and Aureus were allocated less
The article reveals luteolin-7-glucoside accumulation
in the overground part of Veronica incana L. It
assesses resource potential of V. incana depending on
the phytocenotic conditions of coenopopulations
growing in Central Yakutia. Collection of the material
was carried out during V. incana flowering in 7
coenopopulations and in the collection of the Yakut
Botanical Garden. Analysis of flavonoids content was
performed by HPLC method. The high levels of
flavonoids content in the biomass of generative plants
marked in coenopopulations that are in optimal
conditions, and the lowest - in coenopopulations
experiencing strong anthropogenic influence. In
addition, one of the factors reducing the content of
flavonoids in plants is low light intensity in habitat.
The highest resource potential on the luteolin-7-
glucoside observed in biomass V. incana, growing in
fescue grassland steppe and culture
Along with traditional ways, the biotechnological
methods become more significant in contribution to
plant conservation in situ. The work is dedicated to
elaboration and advancement of the method of isolated
tissues and organs culture for conservation and
reproduction of the badan, Bergenia crassifolia L., the
rare species of Saxifrgaceae family. The conducted
study yielded the regenerated plants of B. crassifolia
from seeds. For the first time, we have performed
conservation and reproduction of B. crassifolia in vitro
under conditions of Yakutia
The soil by it physical and chemical properties is a
poly-dispersed heterogeneous multicomponent unique
environment for development of most microorganisms.
The soil is the richest natural substrate according
to microbial gene fund. Presence of plants and
animals in soil maintains it heterogeneous as environment
of soil microorganisms, which are main regulators
of natural gas composition of atmosphere of
Earth, including its macro- and micro-components
(including the main "greenhouse" gases - methane,
carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide). Recently, the elucidation
of these singularities of vital activity of soil organisms
has resulted in general conclusion - due to
them soil cover serves as a global bio-geo-chemical
membrane, through which the exchange of matter and
energy between pedosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere,
hydrosphere and main living inhabitants of Earth does
its work