The article highlights the questions of preliminary determination of the yield of vineyards, grape harvest prediction method to determine the optimal length of fruit cutting of shoots and load bushes wintering eyes, kidneys examined productivity index wintering buds (CP), which shows how many inflorescences have an average for each left eye escape when cutting to length, including the dead. It was found that the yield of grapes has a great influence the degree of differentiation of inflorescence of rudiments in the central buds overwintering buds. From the moment of laying the harvest of grapes in hibernating little eyes in the form of embryonic inflorescences until commercial harvest takes two growing seasons. During this period the generative organs of grape plants are affected by many factors of the environment. Heterogeneity was found of buds along the length of one-year matured shoots. It is expressed in the fact that many grape varieties fruitfulness buds at the base of the shoot are much lower compared with upstream eyes. A certain death of wintering buds (primarily, the main kidney) at the end of the growing season, before the autumn frosts. The main reason for the death of buds during the growing season - from defeat fungal diseases. Taking into account the percentage of deaths of buds proposed a new exponent forming embryonic kidney main inflorescence - productivity index of buds by the ratio of embryonic stems to the number of buds, including the dead. Thus, annual forecasting of grape harvest next year to cutting the bushes by the proposed method makes it possible to scientifically establish the optimal cut length of shoots and fruit load on the bush eyes. This helps to realize directly the potential of each variety and vineyard site and get maximum yields even in years with low fruit tab formations
Two methods were developed, one to assess experimental results by reducing a number of developmental parameters to the overall quality, leading to the overall quality criterion, and the other to optimize processes affected by numerous interacting factors, in-vitro plant development in this case, by applying a mathematical design of experiment. Single-bud cuttings with one leaf of two Vitis vinifera L. genotypes were excised from the central part of two-month-old in-vitro grown plants and used as explants. The explants were established on bridges of filtering paper in liquid media and on solid media. Eighteen modifications of these media contained five macro-elements, each at three concentrations, and the distribution of these macro-element concentrations followed the law of random numbers (Experiment I). Parameters characterizing arm, leaf and root development of two-month-old plants of each study genotype established on each liquid or solid medium were reduced to the overall quality of plant development. Since the study genotypes differed in the ability to grow on liquid and solid media with different macro-element concentrations and also in the ability to utilize these macro-elements, the dependence of in-vitro plant development on macro-element concentrations was described by different regression equations. That is why the regression equation describing the average outcome of plant development in the two genotypes on liquid and solid media was not as significant and the description of the process was not as adequate (determined) as regression equations calculated for each process. The regression equation which describes the dependence of the average outcome of plant development on macro-element concentrations in Experiment I is as follows: y5 = 0.027 + 0.116x22 + 0.109x2x4 + 0.106x2x3 + 0.114x4. Stepwise calculation of macro-element concentrations to optimize in-vitro plant development was done based on macro-element concentrations of the initial medium of Experiment I as starting points since that medium was best efficient for this purpose by using regression equation (y5) and algorithms of multiple curvilinear stepwise regression according to the Box-Wilson method of steepest ascent. Experiment II was undertaken where macro-element concentrations (‘steps’) were calculated in a stepwise manner to optimize in-vitro plant development of the two V. vinifera genotypes and the rootstock ‘Kober 5BB’. This led to a liquid medium and a solid one which enabled a better plant development in the three genotypes relative to the use of controls: media with ½ MS macro-elements and the initial medium whose macro-element concentrations entered as starting points to calculate ‘steps’ for optimization of in-vitro plant development. The optimized medium contained macro-elements: 318 mg l-1 NH4NO3 (x1), 1188 mg l-1 KNO3 (x2), 370 mg l-1 MgSO4 7H20 (x3) (MS), 370 mg l-1 KH2PO4 (x4), 331 mg l-1 CaCl2 (x5) (MS), and other substances at optimum concentrations adjusted earlier: ¼ MS Fe-EDTA, ¼ MS micro-elements, 20 mg l-1 myo-inositol, 0.1 mg l-1 thiamine (MS), 0.5 mg l-1 nicotinic acid (MS), 0.2 mg l-1 pyridoxine, 2 mg l-1 glycine (MS), 0.1 mg l-1 indole-3-acetic acid, 10 g l-1 sucrose and, only for solid media, 7 g l-1 Difco agar. The optimized medium may be used for propagation of virus-free plants, valuable clones and grapevine genotypes created by gene engineering. The mathematical design of experiment reported in this paper which enables stepwise optimization of in-vitro plant development may be used both in agriculture and in the food industry
Nutrient media for shoot development from shoot tips 0.5-0.8 mm with several leaf primordia in four grapevine genotypes were optimized by means of a mathematical design of experiment. Over the range of component concentrations CaCl2 had considerable the highest effect on shoot tip development compared to other components of the media. Grapevine genotypes were different in their needs for concentrations of macro-elements to optimize the process of their growth and development. Shoot development from shoot tips in each grapevine genotype as a function of macro-element concentrations in media must be described by an individual regression equation. The proposed method of result evaluation and the mathematical design of experiment may be used in physiological and agricultural research for optimization of processes affected by numerous factors. The optimized media for shoot tip development may by used for sanitation of grape plants from viruses in meristem cultures
Alternation of crops, will remain a fundamental
element of zonal technologies of their cultivation for a
long time. Application of methods of mathematical
model operation will allow to come to new level in
the solution of the questions of effective use of an
arable land, through application of models optimizing
it. Results of researches which basis data of long-term
observations are will be especially valuable. They
used data of the long-lived stationary experiments on
studying of alternation of crops in crop rotations of
last more than five rotation. Stationary experiences
are located in a forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia
on the fields FGBNU "SIBNIISKH". The purpose of
researches consisted in optimization of use of an
arable land at application of methods of mathematical
model operation for preservation of soil fertility. The
model allowing when performing particular
conditions is given in work (balance of a humus, work
expense, a metabolic cost, etc.) to optimize use of an
arable land against the background of preservation of
soil fertility of the soil, receiving production,
economic and power efficiency. It is shown that at
alternation of grain crops with clear steam, formation
of a harvest happens due to natural fertility of the soil
what the negative balance of a humus which reaches
0,18 – 0,78 tons from hectare testifies to. At
alternation of field cultures without clear steam the
harvest was formed against the background of
reproduction of organic matter of the soil, due to
increase in vegetable oddments from use of fertilizers,
the balance of a humus was positive – 0,15 – 0,28
tons from hectare. Use along with clear steam, busy
steam, colza on green fertilizer, and also straw as
organic fertilizer for grain crops, 2,01 tons from
hectare of commodity grain were received, at a share
of clear steam – 16,8%, busy steam – 11%, summer
grain – 72,2% of arable land. Increasing in crop
rotations of West Siberian Square with use as organic
fertilizer of straw, busy vapors and green fertilizers, it is possible to achieve reproduction of fertility of the
soil with some decrease in an exit of commodity grain
to 2 tons from hectare
Numerous studies have found a different quality of the
buds along the length of the fruit arms, which expressed
various degrees establishing embryonic inflorescences in
the central buds. It is revealed that many of the grapes
have more fruit-bearing eyes formed on average (4-6
knots) and upper (7 to 10 knots) levels of fruit escape,
compared to the lower (1-3 nodes) layer. In connection
with the different quality of the buds along the length of
fruit vines should be used and different ways of cutting
them. It is necessary to consider the biological
characteristics of varieties, ways of doing and shaping
the bushes, the weather conditions of the area during the
growing season and relative calm. To receive annually a
stable high yield of grapes, we must first set the optimal
length of pruning fruit shoots and optimal load on the
Bush healthy eyes. This requires for each class on the
eve of trimming bushes to carry out the analysis of the
wintering holes along the length of the fruit shoots and
to identify the embryonic fruitfulness of Central buds,
i.e. to carry out the prediction of grape yield next year.
The article presents data on the formation of the
embryonic fruitfulness of Central buds of wintering buds
at the Taman group of grapes – Arcadia, Viorica,
Hibernal, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Moldova, Pinot
white, Riesling, Saperavi, Traminer pink, Tsimlyansky
black, Chardonnay. Found higher rates of embryonic
fruitfulness of Central buds buds in the studied grape
varieties - Chardonnay, Riesling, Viorica, Hibernal,
Merlot, Moldova, where the coefficients of fruiting
ranged from 1.40 m from Riesling to 1.69 from Merlot;
factor productivity of 1.58 from the Chardonnay to 1.77
from Merlo. The high percentage of fruitful buds from
80,8 from Cabernet Sauvignon to 95.6 in the cultivars
Merlot and Chardonnay. A higher percentage of eyes
with 2 embryonic buds in the cultivars Merlot and
Viorica who have this indicator amounted to, respectively: 75,6 and 70.6%. Forecasting a crop of
grapes next year to trim the bushes on the proposed
method will provide a full crop of grapes
The method of optimization of the process of delivery of the mineral fertilizers to agricultural consumers are given on an example of farms of Egorlyk district of the Rostov region
Diagnosis by PCR-RFLP (polymerase chain reaction –
polymorphism of the lengths of restriction fragments)
is the standard analysis of point mutations for the
diagnosis of allelic polymorphism of candidate genes
related with productive qualities of farm animals.
Along the length of the fragments (RFLP) make a
conclusion about the absence or presence of the point
mutation, and homozygosity or heterozygosity of the
individual. The aim of our work was the optimization
of protocols for conducting PCR-RFLP analysis for
genotyping sheep for genes of the growth hormone
gene differential growth factor and gene of calpastatin
We have studied survival and regeneration rate of raspberries and blackberries buds when introducing into cultivation in vitro during October. The rate was significantly higher for buds taken in October than that for ones taken in February. At the first stage of
micropropagation, for the most of studied varieties of raspberries, cultivation on nutrient medium contained BAP (0.5 mg/l) and GA (0.2 mg/l) was most successful; for blackberries, increasing concentration of hormones (BAP to 1.0 mg/l and GA to 0.5 mg/l) was better
We developed an effective technology of reproduction in meat cattle breeding, which allows rational use of the bulls-producers, to obtain a high output calves (85-95%), to organize the accuracy of the account of the origin of young animals, to improve the level of selection-breeding work on the improvement of productive and breeding qualities of animals and create in a shorter time highly productive herds of meat cattle
In the article, the main issues of development of perennial cereals (morphology, phenology, formation of buds, physiology, biochemistry and research methods) are discussed. Peculiarities of regulation of development and the character of their evolution are considered. Problems of evolution of the cereals with widespread use of the data of Russian and foreign authors are discussed