The article substantiates a necessity to apply the
method of interspecific hybridization in durum
winter wheat breeding, using the present soft winter
varieties for improvement of frost and drought
tolerance at the beginning of germination; resistance
to snow mold, fusariosis and bacteriosis of
ears and grain. The article presents the results of a
comparative study of different types of crossbreeding
at interspecific and intraspecific hybridization
due to germination, emergence, productivity. It has
been shown that intraspecific hybrids ‘T. durum
оз. х T. durum оз.’, interspecific hybrids ‘T. durum
оз. х Т. аestivum оз’ and ‘Т. аestivum оз. х
T. durum оз.’ possessed the highest germination
and emergence with 71,8/75,3% for direct and
60,4/82,5% for backward, 42,8 and 35,5% and
55,4 and 64,1% respectively. In backward (triplecross)
cross-breeding of F1 interspecific hybrids
with durum winter wheat the grain germination
was down to 37,4 and 36,6%, but the emergence
was up to 64,1 and 69,7% and reached the level of
intraspecific hybrids. According to the elements of
ear (head) productivity (grain mass per head, number
of seeds per head), interspecific double-cross
hybrids of the first and the second generation significantly
conceded to intraspecific hybrids, but
they matched them in a number of spikelets and
grain size. The triple-cross hybrids exceed the
double interspecific hybrids in this respect, but
they concede to double-cross and triple-cross intraspecific
hybrids. We studied the principle of splitting of interspecific hybrids of the second
generation ‘T. durum оз. х Т. аestivum оз.’ and
‘T. durum оз. х T. durum оз.’ (direct and backward)
and the triple-cross hybrids obtained from
cross-breeding of interspecific and intraspecific
double-cross hybrids F1 with durum winter wheat
The organization of animal feeding in the summer and
procurement of fodder for the winter are of great importance.
The sowings of sugar sorghum can become a
reliable and stable source of fodder even in the regions
with insufficient humidity. It is a unique drought tolerant
crop, which can be used as green mass, hay, silage,
grain, mono fodder, briquettes. The article gives the
study results of green mass and absolutely dry substance,
and the assessment of cultivation efficiency of such sugar
sorghum varieties and hybrids grown in FSBSI ‘I.G.
Kalinenko ARRIGC’ as ‘Zernogradsky yantar’, ‘Debyut’,
‘Listvenit’, ‘Zersil F1’, ‘Elisey F1’. The productivity
of green mass and dry substance of the new variety
‘Listvenit’ and the hybrid ‘Elisey’ exceeded the standard
variety on 7,0-5,0 t/ha and 2,30-0,74 t/ha respectively.
The cultivation technologies of sweet sorghum varieties
and hybrids produced the high net energy of 69,6-121,9
GJ/ha with the coefficient of energy efficiency of 3,72-
5,08. As for the energy, the cultivation technology of the
sweet sorghum hybrid ‘Elisey’ can be considered as the
most efficient variant, as it produced the maximum net
energy of 121,9 GJ/ha with the coefficient of energy efficiency
of 5,08
After World War II, in 1946, our country understands
the problem - a terrible drought. To protect themselves
against such disasters in the future, on October 20th
,
1948, by the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the
Central Committee of the Central Committee of the
All-Union Communist Party of the Bolsheviks a
resolution "On the plan of shelterbelts, the introduction
of grass crop rotation, construction of ponds and
reservoirs to ensure high crop yields in the steppe and
forest-steppe regions of the European part of the USSR
" was adopted, later known as the "Great Plan for the
Transformation of Nature". During the years 1950-
1965 it was planned to create the next big state
protective forest strips from Saratov to Astrakhan on
both banks of the Volga River; - in the direction of
cities and towns: Penza - Ekaterinovka - Veshenskaya
- Kamensky, in watersheds of the rivers Khoper and
Medveditsa, Kalitva and Berezovaya; in the direction
of cities Kamyshin - Volgograd, in the watershed of
the rivers Volga and Ilovlya; in the direction of towns
Chapayevsk - Vladimirovka; in the direction of cities
Cherkessk - Elista - Volgograd; - in the direction of the
mountain Vishnevaya, Orenburg, Uralsk and the
Caspian Sea on the banks of the Ural River; in the
direction of cities: Voronezh - Rostov - on - Don; on
both banks of the Don River; on both banks of the
river Seversky Donets from the city of Belgorod to the
Don River. Strips were created in the steppe and forest
steppe areas. It was the first, in the history of
humankind, largest environmental program of impacts
on the climate of the huge territory, designed to protect
permanently fertile agricultural lands from harmful dry
winds, dust storms, lack of moisture and soil erosion.
We have studied the site of the State protective forest
strip "Cherkessk - Elista - Volgograd" located in the
"Kuban forest districts" of the Karachay-Cherkessia
Republic. In this area the analysis of taxation
indicators was made, the dynamics of change in the
stock of plantations connected with age was studied
Based on the analysis of the nature of some
flowering test crosses which have been resulted in
the hybridization with purposely chosen sterile
sources (analyzers), the new self - pollinated lines
of maize have been identified according to the
content of fertility-restorer genes of ‘C’ type of
CMS. Genotype of the line RD 257 -
rf4rf4rf5rf5Ff6Rf6 (class II), genotype of the line RD
245 - rf4 rf4 Rf5 Rf5 rf6 rf6 (class III), genotype of
the line RD 274 - rf4rf4Rf5Rf5Rf6Rf6 (class V),
genotype of the line RD 231 - Rf4Rf4rf5rf5Rf6Rf6
(class VI ) genotype of the line RD 261 -
Rf4Rf4Rf5Rf5Rf6Rf6 (class VII). The identification
of the content of the alleles of fertility - restorer
genes allows forecasting the nature of flowering
hybrid progeny resulted in the hybridization with a
known genotype. We have created a catalog of self
- pollinated lines of maize according to the fertilityrestorer
genes, which consists of 18 lines, which
have been studied in all the years of research. We
have identified the lines belonging to classes I, II,
III, V, VI, VII and VIII. During the transfer of
maize hybrids on a sterile basis the lines of classes I
and VIII are those ones which have been of great
interest. The self - pollinated lines KV 204, SP 286
(class I) are the reliable fixers of «C» type of CMS.
The progeny resulted in the hybridization with any
sterile lines is characterized by complete sterility.
The new self - pollinated lines KV 498, KV 272,
KV 227, SP 357, RD 261 (class VIII) are constant
natural fertility-restorers. They are able to fully
restore fertility in hybridization with any sterile
lines and in any growing conditions
The article contains the experience of the development
of the methodology and the computer program for
calculation of regional and local systems of pigs
hybridization at the example of the Rostov region
(Russia). Crossing the GP lines for F1 should be
organized in multiplier farm, which may be separate
farms and to be part of large commercial farms. For
the production of F1 in a multiplier farm, we must
breed a purebred specialized paternal and a maternal
line, selected on the effect of combining ability. For
the successful functioning of the system of
hybridization, it is necessary to build a genetic
pyramid, including breeding and genetic centers
(nucleus farm), multiplier farm, reproducing the
baseline. The article gives a detailed calculation of sow
population of levels of P, GP, GGP for maternal and
paternal breeds of pigs. The program uses user-defined
parameters of pigs productivity, of the simulated
population, and the parameters characterizing the
intensity of selection of young animals. To ensure
annual production of 1,822 million pigs in the Rostov
region it is necessary to provide the availability of
brood stock in the amount of 89 thousand heads, 6 800
heads in the structure of grandparent flocks (GP), 730 heads in the structure of the Grand-Grand-parent stock
(GGP), excluding sows second maternal and paternal
breeds
Progress of breeding for resistance to diseases, pests
and low temperatures is provided by cross-species
hybridization. Institute of Vine and Wine "Magarach"
is one of the leading centers of selection of grapes in
the world. The breeding program of deducing grapes at
the institute is based on the study and attracting the
world's gene pool, including and industrial of the
Russian Federation assortment of grapes. Analysis
assortment shows that the share of productive, highquality
varieties with group resistance to diseases,
pests and extreme environmental factors is very
small. The main method of selection of grapes of a
new generation who have genetically determined traits
earliness, resistance to biotic and abiotic factors is
crossing complex interspecific hybrids and forms of
their involvement with each other and with the forms
of species Vitis vinifera, belonging to different ecogeographical
groups, saturating crossing between
hybrid forms with complex features, the appropriate
selection of reference. For vigorous offspring is most
effective as a parent to use a local variety of forms of
Crohn and father - interspecific cultivar Alminsky
The value of the initial material for selection for heterosis
is primarily defined by the combining ability in
respect to the main economically valuable characteristics.
Combining ability with respect to “grain productivity”
has been studied among fourteen selfpollinated
lines of maize of early ripening and three
testers in the system of hybrid combinations. We have
proved that weather conditions have an influence on
the variability of the estimates of the combining ability.
We have identified the new self-pollinated lines of
maize SP 165 and SP 175, which are characterized by
invariably high evaluations in the effects of GCA (gi)
in different years. The new self-pollinated line SP 167
has got high variants of SCA (δ2si). The new lines SP
161, SP 163, SP 167 and SP 174 have been characterized
by the variability of the evaluations in the effects
of GCA. They are related to the first or second rank in
respect of GCA, depending on the year of the conducted
evaluation. These are SP 163, SP 164, SP 170,
SP 171 and SP 173 that have differed by their variability
of the variants of SCA (from the low variants to
the high ones). The highly productive testcross hybrids:
Madonna M × SP 165 (4.88 t / ha), Madonna M
× SP 171 (4.85 t / ha), Madonna M × SP 167 (4.80 t /
ha), T 7M × SP 165 (4.78 t / ha) have been obtained
based on the self-pollinated lines having invariably
high figures of GCA and SCA
The article discusses the various technologies of cultivation
of winter barley at two ways of main tillage
(recommended and zero-level) with different backgrounds
of soil fertility, fertilization rates, protection
from weeds, pests and diseases. Consistent improvement
of soil fertility and other fertilizers resulted in an
increase in crop productivity. Nutrition is the basis of
life of a living organism, including plants. The value of
crop yield and its chemical composition depend on the
conditions of nutrition. It is achieved with the optimum
combination of light, heat, air, water, food, etc.
In this connection, in the development of methods of
cultivation of this crop, we may not only increase the
yield of grain, but also pay due attention to the quality
of cultivated products. Thus, studies in the experiment
showed that the intensification of cultivation technology
of one phenomenon substantially and significantly
affects the productivity of the given culture
The article presents the results of the study of selection,
technological and economic aspects of breeding
Galloway cattle breed in the Smolensk region. As it
was shown by the results of the studies, it begins to
form breeding base of this breed in the region. This
year, the regional tribal enterprise delivered two bulls
initiated the accumulation of hereditary material. We
have found that the greatest intensity of the development
has the descendants of the bull named John. The
dairy cows in the herd vary depending on the age of
the animals and is 179-223kg. Allelofond of the animals
are 17 alleles of EAB-locus of blood groups
characteristic of cattle specialized meat breeds. The
economic efficiency of breeding animals of the Galloway
breed in the region was 1291500 rubles. The article
recommends use of the Galloway cattle breed for
further breeding in the Smolensk region and introduction
of resource-saving technologies of beef production
Over the past 15 years due to removal with crops of
rice crop rotation, as well as with field waste and
seepage water content of mobile forms of boron in
soils of rice irrigation systems in the Krasnodar region
decreased by 10 %, cobalt by 14 %, manganese
by 10 %, copper by 7 %, molybdenum by 15 % zinc
by 6 %. Impoverishment of soil with calcium and
sulfur is observable. Need of using micronutrients for
this crop is also determined by lowering mobility of
most microelements in flooded soils. Partly this problem
can be solved by use of neutralized phosphogypsum
– waste product of wet-process phosphoric acid.
With its application in dose of 1 t/ha, field receives
265 kg of Ca, 215 kg of S (general) 20 kg of P2O5
and 9.8 kg of SiO2, so it compensates for the loss of
calcium from the rice soil, as well as solves the problem
of sulfur, silicon and partly phosphorus fertilizers.
Data showing possibility of use of neutralized
phosphogypsum as multicomponent fertilizer for rice
crops are given. Phosphogypsum reduces sparseness
of rice plants in ontogeny, thus forming a dense agrocenosis:
plant density is 24-25 pcs./m2 that is higher
than on application of N120P80K60. Plants with such
agricultural background by their height and leaf area
did not differ from control ones (N120P80K60), and
their dry weight was higher by 2-6 %. With fertilizer
system N120P80K60 application of 4 t/ha of phosphogypsum
during main fertilizer treatment provides
the same level of phosphorus content in the soil and
plants, as application of 100 kg/ha of ammophos.
Rice yield increases by 0,57 t/ha or 8,98 %. Yield
growth is the result of increasing survival capacity of
plants, seed setting of panicle and weight of grain per
plant