The article discusses the contemporary agrobotanical
illustration, as an integral part of scientific and educational
work. For the analysis of the issue, we set up
the basis of illustrative images, which acted as the
test material. It has been shown that visual images
serve as the material for the development of visual
thinking students are taught to read information,
which represents the worksheet, to think and to create
something new. The article considers art of graphics
pencil using a computer-drawing program with processing
in Photoshop. There are mixed techniques
(mixed media), based on the use of traditional drawing
and herbarium specimen, processed in Photoshop
in the color. Another new direction of contemporary
agroillustration is infographics. Its using in educational
and scientific process is determined by the fact
that infographics involves analytical processing of
quantitative data obtained during the experiment. On
the other hand, the data is needed to visualize, execute
and present. A new direction in contemporary
agro-botanical illustration is plant images taken with
X-rays. The modern level of requirements to create
images is high enough and it must be taken into account
when carrying out scientific experiments, when
it is necessary to demonstrate the object of research
results. Modern agroillustration can be processed
using various systems of artificial intelligence, pattern
recognition, for example, the system named
“Edos”
Russian civil legislation contains a list of ways in which
the parties to the transaction have the ability to enforce
the commitments. These methods form an important
institute of the Russian law of obligations. For a lender,
ensuring the fulfillment of the obligation is an additional
guarantee that the commitment made by the debtor of his
obligation will be fulfilled properly in accordance with
the terms of agreement between them. In this article we
will focus on independent guarantee – one of civil-law
ways of ensuring the fulfillment of the obligations which
differs from the others. The independent guarantee is not
new to the domestic civil law. Thus a bank guarantee,
familiar to the Russian law, have transformed. Having
made a comparative legal analysis of the characteristics of
a warranty considering significant changes in liability law
norms, the authors explore the legal nature of the
independent guarantee, define its place in the system of
the ways of ensuring the fulfillment of obligations,
analyze the feasibility and effectiveness of the
implementation of the warranty in practice, focus
attention on the discussion of theoretical questions, and
name problems that law enforcers may face in ensuring
the fulfillment of obligations by means of the independent
guarantee
Chocolate products with reduced calories are
becoming increasingly popular among consumers and
producers. One method of producing chocolate with
low calorie content is some replacement with
alternative sucrose sugar substitutes. We have
investigated the effect of various bulk sweeteners
(maltitol, isomalt and erythritol) with different particle
size, divided into three intervals (106-53, 53-38, and
38-20 microns) on the rheological properties of molten
chocolate. It was found, that the model of the
Herschel-Bulkley is better than others, it describes the
real rheological properties of the chocolate mass. It is
established, that because of maltitol, it affects the
rheological properties of chocolate just as sucrose and
thus it may be a good alternative. The use of isomalt
causes higher plastic viscosity of the chocolate mass
and maltitol improves the fluidity of the chocolate
mass, significantly more than other bulk sweeteners.
Changing the particle size leads to a change in the
plastic viscosity and yield point. Differences in the
rheological properties of chocolate with different bulk
sugar substitutes have been caused by differences in
the volume fraction of solids and the distribution of
particle size. When replacing sucrose to improve the
rheological properties of the chocolate, we have to
select sweeteners with large particle size, but
sweeteners particle size should be small enough to
result in chocolate with good organoleptic properties
This article deals with actual problems of the national
structure of Kalmyk people in 1930-s years based on
legislative documents and also problems of
development and the adoption of the first Constitution
of Kalmyk USDA (1937). The article focuses on the
main features of this research. The adoption of the
basic law of the Kalmyk republic was a big step in the
social and political life in Kalmykia and in its
constitutional history. This document included
fundamental principles of the «constitution of
proletariat government», peculiarities of Russian social
class development, aims and objectives of national
political structure in the Russian Federation. The basic
law of the Kalmyk USDA was created on the basis of
principles of the Constitution of the USSR and the
Constitution of the RSFSR. The law secured social and
government order of the Soviet Kalmykia. The
procedure of governing and composition, the
competence and authorities are disclosed and the work
of the Supreme council of the Kalmyk USDA as the
highest representative and legislative body in the
context of the basic law of the Kalmyk republic. In the
Constitution of the republic rights and freedom of
nationals are fully reflected in accordance with the
constitutional principles of the USSR. Finally the
author concludes that in the administrative command
system the basic features of rights and freedom of the
peoples of the USSR in practice were not respected
The article considers problems of the exchange of
information between teachers, students and
departments of educational institutions. It analyzes the
advantages and disadvantages of traditional
approaches: email, chat via phone, social networks.
The questions of placement of information to large
numbers of users were revealed. We also revealed the
need to address issues related to the publication of
major events, administrative announcements of
educational institutions, which are visible to all users,
and are assigned to a specific date. We suggested an
approach to the publication of the activities of the
individual system modules. The article shows a
mechanism of mass mailings, providing users the
ability to transmit information to two or more
recipients and to ensure the exchange of information
that is available only to send the recipient, as opposed
to the "wall". We found an approach to increase the
quality of the educational process, allowing rapid
exchange of information between staff, students and
departments of educational organization on the
example of the system "Social network educational
organization." In the approach, it has been proposed to take the ideology of social networking and project it on
the specifics and needs of educational institutions,
which will allow rapid exchange between staff,
students and divisions (departments) educational
organization. The study analyzed data on the age of
users of the system over a period of 30 days
In the article, we can analyze the participation of
Kalmik trade unions in ensuring workers’ labor
protection and safety engineering in 1970-ies. The
sources of the article base are the documents of
National archive of the Kalmyk Republic. The analysis
of the large documental material showed that in
1970ies the trade unions began to study deeper the
question of making better the conditions of work, more
often raised the questions of labor protection at the
meetings of workers committees, drew the community
to this work. Kalmik trade unions organizations paid
serious attention to safety engineering and industry
sanitation, achieved such condition that the workers
were completely provided with overalls, means of
individual protection, they demanded absolute
mechanization of hard processes, fought for high
culture of manufacture. In spite of trade-union
organizations of the republic did definite work about
putting in order in cause of fulfillment of labor laws,
the situation did not change
The review examines research unusual properties of
RNA. RNA has the ability to act as both genes and
enzymes (ribozymes). This property could offer a
way around the «chicken-and-egg» problem: genes
require enzymes; enzymes require genes.
Furthermore, RNA can be transcribed into DNA, in
reverse of the normal process of transcription. These
facts are reasons to consider that the RNA world
could be the original pathway to cells. The general
notion of an «RNA World» is that, in the early
development of life on the Earth, genetic continuity
was assured by the replication of RNA and
genetically encoded proteins were not involved as
catalysts. There is now strong evidence indicating
that an RNA World did indeed exist before DNAand
protein-based life. RNA has multiple functions.
Among these, "messenger RNA" carries genetic
information from DNA to protein formation. RNA is
often a single-stranded spiral, but also exists in
double-stranded form. In 1998, Craig Mello and
Andrew Fire discovered through their studies of the
roundworm C. elegans a phenomenon dubbed "RNA
interference". In this phenomenon, double-stranded
RNA blocks messenger RNA so that certain genetic
information is not converted during protein
formation. This "silences" these genes, i.e. renders
them inactive. The phenomenon plays an important
regulatory role within a genome. Recent years have
been perhaps the most fruitful period yet in terms of
research in the area of mRNA stability (Phenomena:
Gene Silencing; RNA interference; Identity of
mRNA decay in vivo and in vitro). The elaboration
of new methods in biothechnology have been
presented
In the article, we have considered indicators for
assessing import dependency by key
characteristics of industrial production
(technology, raw materials, equipment). The work
shows necessity of the transition from
determining the level of import dependence for
individual characteristics to determine its overall
(integrated) assessment. It presents the criteria of
evaluation of technical, technological, raw
material import dependence of production. We
have developed a model of calculation of the
generalized indicators of evaluation of level of
import dependency of production. The proposed
Toolkit allows using an expert way to assess the
level of import dependence of production of
various types of products. In this comprehensive
assessment, it takes into account the dependence
of the acquired import of components, raw
materials and borrowed technologies, and the
extent of use of imported equipment. The use of
indicators characterizing the degree of
dependence of production on foreign technology
and equipment is very important in the conditions
of modernization and technical re-equipment of
production
The article deals with a combination of different methods
of cultivation of winter barley on the background
of plowing, and their impact on growth, development
and crop yield. The main technological factors allowing
implementing the biological potential of culture are
adaptive variety, quality seeds, predecessors, sowing
and harvesting, fertilizer, soil fertility, crop care, including
protection from weeds, pests and diseases.
Barley is the culture of versatile use, which is grown
for food and feed purposes. Intensification of cultivation
methods of this phenomenon is essential and significantly
affects the grain yield of this crop. Under the
natural fertility of the soil and favorable weather conditions
for black earth of Kuban it is possible to get
3,0-3,5 tons per hectare of winter crops of grain, and
this requires the creation of an optimal diet, because
one of the main factors affecting the productivity of
field crops, including one phenomenon are fertilizers.
In addition, the level of soil fertility and protection
system of weeds, pests and diseases has great importance.
Since these types of issues are relevant for
agriculture, we have carried out studies to identify the
optimal combination of different methods on growth,
development and productivity of a single phenomenon
The roots of scientific knowledge on soil go into antiquity
and are connected with the development of
land management. A human had knowledge about
soil as a friable layer of Earth, which was a subject o
land management treatment until the time there were
occurred the problems of shortage of arable lands,
hunger and decrease of fertility, which caused the
necessity of obtaining of more produce with less arable
lands. The development of soil science was required
for solving of these practical tasks. In postwar
period there were carried out the large researches
in the field of plant nutrition and application of fertilizers.
For this period the active study of organic
properties of soil occurred. The Dokuchaev’s study
on genetic types of soil was the tuning point in the
development of problems of soil classification. The
further development of problems of soil classification
were made on the basis of set genetic positions, thus
the various approaches lighting the different parties
of a classification problem took place. The soil fertility
in force of its important functions for a long
time is not only as an agronomic category but also as
a social, economic, philosophic, and at the last time –
ecological one. The modern understanding of function
of fertility is reached with the help of mathematical
modeling. First, it is necessary clearly to present
the aggregate factors of fertility and their interaction
between them and external factors